the negativity of the child

articulating the existential foundations of inclusive pedagogy

Autores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12957/childphilo.2025.86182

Palavras-chave:

abordagem existencial, inclusão, integração, sartre, negatividade

Resumo

Este artigo examina a pedagogia inclusiva no contexto dos debates contemporâneos sobre o que, exatamente, significa ”educacional” nos estudos em educação. O argumento é feito em duas partes. Primeiro, é traçada a evolução da inclusão, de um conceito sociológico a um conceito pedagógico e a sua mudança subsequente de uma preocupação individual a questões mais amplas de justiça social. Essa evolução diferencia a inclusão da integração e destaca os desafios de lidar com as desigualdades sociais e, ao mesmo tempo, manter o foco no indivíduo. Em segundo lugar, o artigo postula que uma abordagem existencial da teoria educativa pode nos permitir levantar questões educacionais sobre a educação inclusiva. Em particular, é apresentado o conceito do “eu” de Jean Paul Sartre, na medida em que sustenta a ênfase da pedagogia inclusiva em um indivíduo incomparável e insubstituível, nos permitindo abordá-lo como sujeito. Essa compreensão do indivíduo como sujeito apoia a rejeição da educação inclusiva à diferenciação intra e interindividual e advoga, em vez disso, por capacitar as crianças para transcender as barreiras e adversidades através da projeção imaginativa de seus futuros. Na base dessa abordagem existencialista, o artigo argumenta que, ao focar predominantemente as necessidades a serem supridas (e, portanto, ao “categorizar” as crianças de acordo com essas necessidades), corremos o risco de perder a dimensão especificamente pedagógica dessas necessidades. Em vez disso, a pedagogia inclusiva deve ver cada criança como um sujeito se esforçando para vencer seus próprios desafios, enfatizando a individualidade e a liberdade sem desconsiderar as desigualdades estruturais. Essa abordagem se alinha à rejeição de forças externas — econômica, política ou psicológica — que ameaçam a autonomia pedagógica e redefinem o objetivo da educação. Críticas à pedagogia inclusiva destacam os riscos de enfatizar demais na autonomia individual, o que pode levar à negligência/negação de barreiras sistêmicas enfrentadas por grupos marginalizados. Este artigo sustenta, no entanto, que uma abordagem existencial reconcilia essas tensões ao reconhecer as diferenças nas facticidades, enquanto mantém o foco na autorrealização individual. A pedagogia inclusiva, então, imagina a criança não definida pelas suas limitações, mas como um ser capaz de se tornar “o que não é”, como diz Sartre. Essa perspectiva resguarda os principais princípios pedagógicos, definindo a educação como um processo que cultiva a liberdade, a responsabilidade e a imaginação, afirmando seu papel como uma prática distinta e autônoma.

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Biografia do Autor

franz kasper krönig, Cologne University of Applied Sciences (TH Köln)

Head of Studies in Childhood Education at the Cologne University of Applied Sciences, Prof. Dr.

stefano oliverio, university of naples federico ii

stefano oliverio is associate professor at the university of naples federico ii (italy). from 2013 to 2017, he was the vice-president of the icpic.

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Publicado

2025-05-30

Como Citar

KRÖNIG, Franz kasper; OLIVERIO, Stefano. the negativity of the child: articulating the existential foundations of inclusive pedagogy. childhood & philosophy, Rio de Janeiro, v. 21, p. 01–28, 2025. DOI: 10.12957/childphilo.2025.86182. Disponível em: https://www.e-publicacoes.uerj.br/childhood/article/view/86182. Acesso em: 3 jun. 2025.

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