Geopolítica En Asia Central: Los Cambios En El Sector De Los Hidrocarburos Desde El Colapso De La Urss Hasta La Segunda Década Del Siglo XXI | Geopolitics in Central Asia: Changes in the Hydrocarbon Sector from the Collapse of the USSR to the Second Decade of the 21st Century
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12957/neiba.2023.76662Keywords:
Central Asia, hydrocarbons, influence.Abstract
Resumen.
El colapso de la Unión Soviética (URSS) provocó un vacío de poder en Asia Central. Estados Unidos (EEUU), China y la Unión Europea aprovecharon para socavar la predominancia soviética en los sectores de petróleo y gas natural de Kazajistán, y de gas natural de Turkmenistán y Uzbekistán.
Los tres países mencionados ejercieron diferentes estrategias en la producción y transporte de su principal recurso exportable, petróleo y gas natural. Tres décadas después, se produjeron cambios drásticos en la compasión del mercado a expensas de la presencia de Moscú.
El sector petrolero de Kazajistán pasó a tener una presencia relevante de las empresas de occidente, que producen en los yacimientos más importantes, controlan parte de la infraestructura de transporte y compran casi toda la producción. Por otro lado, el mercado del gas natural tiene una predominancia China. Pekín se convirtió en el principal comprador y proveedor de infraestructura de gas natural de Kazajistán, Turkmenistán y Uzbekistán.
Actualmente, Kazajistán, Turkmenistán y Uzbekistán no diversificaron sus clientes y cambiaron un monopsonio ruso por otro chino o europeo. Rusia perdió el control monopólico de la región. Occidente pisa fuerte en el sector petrolero de Kazajistán, mientras China lo hace en el gas natural.
Palabras claves: Asia Central, petróleo, gas natural.
Abstract.
The collapse of the Soviet Union (USSR) created a power vacuum in Central Asia. The United States (US), China, and the European Union took advantage of this to undermine Soviet dominance in the oil and natural gas sectors of Kazakhstan and the natural gas sectors of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
The three countries mentioned above exercised different strategies in the production and transportation of their main exportable resources, oil and natural gas. Three decades later, drastic changes occurred in market compassion at the expense of Moscow's presence.
Kazakhstan's oil sector came to have a significant presence of Western companies, which produce in the most important fields, control part of the transportation infrastructure, and buy almost all the production. On the other hand, the natural gas market is dominated by China. Beijing became the main buyer and supplier of natural gas infrastructure for Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
Currently, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan do not diversify their customers and exchange a Russian monopsony for a Chinese or European one. Russia has lost its monopoly control of the region. The West has a strong foothold in Kazakhstan's oil sector, while China has a strong foothold in natural gas.
Keywords: Central Asia, oil, natural gas.
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