Impacto da suplementação do óleo de abacate nos níveis de cálcio e vitamina D em adolescentes com obesidade
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12957/demetra.2026.90683Palavras-chave:
Abacate. Obesidade. Adolescente. Cálcio. Vitamina D.Resumo
Introdução: A obesidade em adolescentes pode estar associada a deficiências de cálcio e vitamina D. Embora o óleo de abacate não contenha grandes quantidades desses nutrientes, ele é rico em compostos bioativos que podem melhorar sua absorção, auxiliando no manejo da obesidade. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com óleo de abacate nos níveis séricos de cálcio e vitamina D em adolescentes com obesidade. Métodos: Em um ensaio clínico randomizado, duplo-cego e controlado por placebo, 30 adolescentes com obesidade, pós-púberes,com idades entre 13 e 19 anos, foram alocados em três grupos: 2G (n=9), suplementados com 2g/dia de óleo de abacate; 1G (n=12), 1g/dia de óleo de abacate; e Placebo (n=9), suplementados com 1g/dia de óleo mineral. A intervenção foi realizada por 12 semanas. O consumo alimentar de cálcio e vitamina D, por meio de um recordatório alimentar de 3 dias, e seus níveis séricos foram avaliados no início e no final do estudo. A análise estatística foi feita com o software JAMOVI (versão 2.3). Resultados: Não houve alteração significativa nos níveis séricos de vitamina D, bem como no consumo alimentar de vitamina D e cálcio. A suplementação com óleo de abacate resultou em aumento significativo nos níveis séricos de cálcio no grupo que recebeu 1g/dia (Pré: 9,23±0,22 e Pós: 9,6±0,25; p = 0,014). Conclusão: A suplementação com 1 g/dia de óleo de abacate aumentou significativamente os níveis séricos de cálcio em adolescentes com obesidade, sem impacto na vitamina D. Apesar do efeito discreto, os achados sugerem possível influência do óleo de abacate sobre o metabolismo mineral, reforçando a necessidade de novos estudos com maior amostra e tempo de intervenção prolongado.
Downloads
Referências
1. Kelly LA, Lane CJ, Weigensberg MJ, Toledo-Corral CM, Goran MI. Pubertal changes of insulin sensitivity, acute insulin response, and β-cell function in overweight Latino youth. J Pediatr. 2011 Mar;158(3):442-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.08.046
2. Cárdenas-Vargas E, Nava JA, Garza-Veloz I, Torres-Castañeda MC, Galván-Tejada CE, Cid-Baez MA et al. The influence of obesity on puberty and insulin resistance in Mexican children. Int J Endocrinol. 2018 Sep 3;2018:7067292. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7067292
3. Kostopoulou E, Tikka M, Rojas Gil AP, Partsalaki I, Spiliotis BE. Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity markers in children and adolescents with excess weight. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25(19):5986-92. https://doi.org/10.26355/eurrev_202110_26876
4. Casavalle PL, Lifshitz F, Romano LS, Pandolfo M, Caamaño A, Boyer PM, Rodríguez PN, Friedman SM. Prevalence of dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome risk factor in overweight and obese children. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2014 Dec;12(2):213-23.PMID: 25581987
5. Pazin DC, da Luz Kaestner TL, Olandoski M, Baena CP, de Azevedo Abreu G, Kuschnir MCC et al. Association Between Abdominal Waist Circumference and Blood Pressure In Brazilian Adolescents with Normal Body Mass Index: Waist circumference and blood pressure in Adolescents. Glob Heart. 2020 Apr 3;15(1):27. https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.779
6. Song YM, Lee K. Eating behavior and metabolic syndrome over time. Eat Weight Disord. 2020;25(3):545-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-019-00640-9
7. Godala M, Krzyżak M, Maślach D, Gaszyńska E. Relationship between dietary behaviors and physical activity and the components of metabolic syndrome: A case-control study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(11):6562. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116562
8. Kim YS, Hwang JH, Song MR. The association between vitamin D deficiency and metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents. J Pediatr Nurs. 2018;38:e7–e11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2017.11.005
9. Kardas F, Yücel AD, Kendirci M, Kurtoğlu S, Hatipoğlu N, Akin L et al. Evaluation of micronutrient levels in children and adolescents with obesity and their correlation with the components of metabolic syndrome. Turk J Pediatr. 2021;63(1):48–58. https://doi.org/10.24953/turkjped.2021.01.006
10. Park Y, Han J. Mineral balance and metabolic syndrome in adolescents: Focus on calcium and phosphorus intake. Healthcare (Basel). 2021;9(11):1525. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111525
11. Carrelli A, Bucovsky M, Horst R, Cremers S, Zhang C, Bessler M et al. Vitamin D storage in adipose tissue of obese and normal weight women. J Bone Miner Res. 2017 Feb;32(2):237-242. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.2979
12. Da Silva GG, Pimenta LPS, Melo JOF, Mendonça HOP, Augusti R, Takahashi JA. Phytochemicals of avocado residues as potential acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, antioxidants, and neuroprotective agents. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2022;27(6):1892. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27061892
13. Mohd Ghozali N, Giribabu N, Salleh N. Mechanisms linking vitamin D deficiency to impaired metabolism: An overview. Int J Endocrinol. 2022 Jul 6;2022:6453882. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6453882
14. Schmitt EB, Nahas-Neto J, Bueloni-Dias F, Poloni PF, Orsatti CL, Petri Nahas EA. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal women. Maturitas. 2018;107:97-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.10.006
15. Quyyumi AA, Patel RS. Endothelial dysfunction and hypertension: cause or effect? Hypertension (Dallas, Tex.: 1979). 2010;55(5):1092-1094. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.148957
16. MheidIAl, Patel R, Murrow J, Morris A, Rahman A, Fike L et al. Vitamin D status is associated with arterial stiffness and vascular dysfunction in healthy humans. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(2):186-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.02.051
17. Jiang X, Peng M, Chen S, Wu S, Zhang W. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with dyslipidemia: a cross-sectional study in 3788 subjects. Curr Med Res Opin. 2019;35(6):1059-1063. https://doi.org/10.1080/03007995.2018.1552849
18. Christakos S, Dhawan P, Porta A, Mady LJ, Seth T. Vitamin D and intestinal calcium absorption. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2011 Dec 5;347(1-2):25-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2011.05.038
19. Tylavsky FA, Cowan PA, Terrell S, Hutson M, Velasquez-Meyer P. Calcium intake and body composition in African-American children and adolescents at risk for overweight and obesity. Nutrients. 2010 Sep;2(9):950-64. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu2090950
20. Jurimae J, Maestu E, Mengel E, Remmel L, Purge P, Tillmann V. Association between dietary calcium intake and adiposity in male adolescents. Nutrients. 2019 Jul;11(7):1454. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071454
21. Das S, Choudhuri D. Dietary calcium regulates the insulin sensitivity by altering the adipokine secretion in high fat diet induced obese rats. Life Sci. 2020;250:117560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117560
22. Cormick G, Ciapponi A, Cafferata ML, Cormick MS, Belizán JM. Calcium supplementation for prevention of primary hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022;1(1):CD010037. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010037.pub2.
23. Chen JM, Wu TY, Wu YF, Kuo KL. Association of the serum calcium level with metabolic syndrome and its components among adults in Taiwan. Arch EndocrinolMetab. 2023;67(5):e000632. https://doi.org/10.20945/2359-39970000000632
24. Oliveira Marques S, Muller AP, Luciano TF, dos Santos Tramontin N, da Silva Caetano M, Luis da Silva Pieri B et al. Effects of avocado oil supplementation on insulin sensitivity, cognition, and inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in different tissues of diet-induced obese mice. Nutrients. 2022;14(14):2906. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142906
25. Carvajal-Zarrabal O, Nolasco-Hipolito C, Aguilar-Uscanga MG, Melo-Santiesteban G, Hayward-Jones PM, Barradas-Dermitiz DM. Avocado oil supplementation modifies cardiovascular risk profile markers in a rat model of sucrose-induced metabolic changes. Dis Markers. 2014;2014:386425. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/386425
26. Tan CX, Chong GH, Hamzah H, Ghazali HM. Hypocholesterolaemic and hepatoprotective effects of virgin avocado oil in diet-induced hypercholesterolaemia rats. Int J Food SciTechnol. 2018;53(12):2706-2713. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.13880
27. Márquez-Ramírez CA, Hernández de la Paz JL, Ortiz-Ávila O, Raya-Farias A, González-Hernández JC, Rodríguez-Orozco AR et al. Comparative effects of avocado oil and losartan on blood pressure, renal vascular function, and mitochondrial oxidative stress in hypertensive rats. Nutrition. 2018;54:60-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2018.02.024
28. Tan CX, Tan SS, Tan ST. Influence of geographical origins on the physicochemical properties of Hass avocado oil. J Am OilChem Soc. 2017;94:1431-1437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-017-3042-7
29. Nogueira-de-Almeida CA, Ued FD, Nogueira de Almeida CCJ, Almeida ACF, Del Ciampo LA, Ferraz IS et al. Nutritional profile and benefits of avocado oil (Persea americana): an integrative review. Braz J Food Technol. 2018;21:e2017214. https://doi:10.1590/1981-6723.21417
30. Fulgoni VL 3rd, Dreher M, Davenport AJ. Avocado consumption is associated with better diet quality and nutrient intake, and lower metabolic syndrome risk in US adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2008. Nutr J. 2013;12:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-12-1
31. Niramitmahapanya S, Harris SS, Dawson-Hughes B. Type of dietary fat is associated with the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 increment in response to vitamin D supplementation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(10):3170-3174. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-1518
32. Mounien L, Tourniaire F, Landrier JF. Anti-obesity effect of carotenoids: Direct impact on adipose tissue and adipose tissue-driven indirect effects. Nutrients. 2019;11(7):1562. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071562
33. Varghese RT, Khasawneh K, Desikan RK, Subramaniam A, Weaver T, Nair GKV. Vitamin A and hydrochlorothiazide causing severe hypercalcemia in a patient with primary hyperparathyroidism. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep. 2019;7:2324709619832966. https://doi.org/10.1177/2324709619832966
34. Dominguez LJ, Farruggia M, Veronese N, Barbagallo M. Vitamin D sources, metabolism, and deficiency: available compounds and guidelines for its treatment. Metabolites. 2021;11(4):255. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo11040255
35. Feduniw S, Korczyńska L, Górski K, Zgliczyńska M, Bączkowska M, Byrczak M et al. The effect of vitamin E supplementation in postmenopausal women-a systematic review. Nutrients. 2022;15(1):160. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010160
36. Filizzola APL, Freiberg CK, Kobal PS, Silva SMCS da, Castro AGP de, Masquio DCL, Saied YH, Filho JOC, Ganen AP de P. Assessment of body composition in adolescents with obesity undergoing avocado oil supplementation. O Mundo daSaúde. 2024;48:e16002024. https://doi.org/10.15343/0104-7809.202448e16002024P
37. WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. WHO Child Growth Standards based on length/height, weight and age. Acta PaediatrSuppl. 2006;95(S450):76-85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2006.tb02378.x.
38. Babić Leko M, Pleić N, Gunjaca I, Žemunik T. Environmental factors that affect parathyroid hormone and calcitonin levels. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;23(1):44. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010044
39. Goltzman D, Mannstadt M, Marcocci C. Physiology of the Calcium-Parathyroid Hormone-Vitamin D Axis. Front Horm Res. 2018;50:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1159/000486060
40. Dibaba DT, Xun P, Fly AD, Bidulescu A, Tsinovoi CL, Judd SE et al. Calcium intake and serum calcium level in relation to the risk of ischemic stroke: findings from the REGARDS study. J Stroke. 2019;21(3):312-323. https://doi.org/10.5853/jos.2019.00542
41. Ferrone F, Pepe J, Danese VC, Fassino V, Cecchetti V, De Lucia F et al. The relative influence of serum ionized calcium and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in regulating PTH secretion in healthy subjects. Bone. 2019;125:200-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2019.05.007
42. Byrne FN, Kinsella S, Murnaghan DJ, Kiely M, Eustace JA. Lack of correlation between calcium intake and serum calcium levels in stable haemodialysis subjects. Nephron Clin Pract. 2009;113(3):c162-c168. https://doi.org/10.1159/000232597
43. Lombardi G, Ziemann E, Banfi G, Corbetta S. Physical activity-dependent regulation of parathyroid hormone and calcium-phosphorous metabolism. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(15):5388. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21155388
44. Kamycheva E, Sundsfjord J, Jorde R. Serum parathyroid hormone level is associated with body mass index. The 5th Tromsø study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004;151(2):167-172. https://doi.org/10.1530/eje.0.1510167
45. Drechsler C, Grootendorst DC, Boeschoten EW, Krediet RT, Wanner C, Dekker FW, Necosad Study Group. Changes in parathyroid hormone, body mass index and the association with mortality in dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26(4):1340-1346. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfq541
46. Walsh JS, Bowles S, Evans AL. Vitamin D in obesity. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2017;24(6):389-394. https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000371
47. Baur AC, Brandsch C, König B, Hirche F, Stangl GI. Plant oils as potential sources of vitamin D. Front Nutr. 2016;3:29. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2016.00029
48. Benedik E. Sources of vitamin D for humans. Int J Vitamin Nutr Res. 2022;92(2):118-125. https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000733
49. Grune T, Lietz G, Palou A, Ross AC, Stahl W, Tang G, Thurnham D, Yin SA, Biesalski HK. Beta-carotene is an important vitamin A source for humans. J Nutr. 2010;140(12):2268S-2285S. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.109.119024
50. Guerendain M, Mayneris-Perxachs J, Montes R, López-Belmonte G, Martín-Matillas M, Castelloote AI et al. Relation between plasma antioxidant vitamin levels, adiposity and cardio-metabolic profile in adolescents: Effects of a multidisciplinary obesity programme. Clin Nutr. 2017;36(1):209-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2015.11.001
51. Unlu NZ, Bohn T, Clinton SK, Schwartz SJ. Carotenoid absorption from salad and salsa by humans is enhanced by the addition of avocado or avocado oil. J Nutr. 2005;135(3):431-436. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/135.3.431
52. Dewanto V, Wu X, Adom KK, Liu RH. Thermal processing enhances the nutritional value of tomatoes by increasing total antioxidant activity. J Agric Food Chem. 2002;50(10):3010-3014. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf020182a
53. Martí R, Roselló S, Cebolla-Cornejo J. Tomato as a source of carotenoids and polyphenols targeted to cancer prevention. Cancers. 2016;8(6):58. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers8060058
54. Eslami E, Carpentieri S, Pataro G, Ferrari G. A comprehensive overview of tomato processing by-product valorization by conventional methods versus emerging technologies. Foods (Basel, Switzerland). 2022;12(1):166. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12010166
55. Ford NA, Spagnuolo P, Kraft J, Bauer E. Nutritional composition of Hass avocado pulp. Foods (Basel, Switzerland). 2023;12(13):2516. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12132516
56. Meyer MB, Watanuki M, Kim S, Shevde NK, Pike JW. The human transient receptor potential vanilloid type 6 distal promoter contains multiple vitamin D receptor binding sites that mediate activation by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in intestinal cells. Mol Endocrinol (Baltimore, Md). 2006;20(6):1447–1461. https://doi.org/10.1210/me.2006-0031
57. Mangin M, Sinha R, Fincher K. Inflammation and vitamin D: the infection connection. Inflamm Res. 2014;63(10):803–819. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-014-0755-z
58. Cho KS, Shin M, Kim S, Lee SB. Recent advances in studies on the therapeutic potential of dietary carotenoids in neurodegenerative diseases. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018;2018:4120458. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4120458
59. Rzajew J, Radzik T, Rebas E. Calcium-involved action of phytochemicals: carotenoids and monoterpenes in the brain. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(4):1428. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041428
60. Ooi JH, Li Y, Rogers CJ, Cantorna MT. Vitamin D regulates the gut microbiome and protects mice from dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. J Nutr. 2013;143(10):1679-86. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.113.180794
61. Lv Z, Wang Y, Yang T, Zhan X, Li Z, Hu H et al. Vitamin A deficiency impacts the structural segregation of gut microbiota in children with persistent diarrhea. J Clin BiochemNutr. 2016;59(2):113-21. https://doi.org/10.3164/jcbn.15-148
62. Kong J, Zhang Z, Musch MW, Ning G, Sun J, Hart J et al. Novel role of the vitamin D receptor in maintaining the integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier. Am J PhysiolGastrointest Liver Physiol. 2008;294(1):G208-16. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00215.2007
63. Cantorna MT, Snyder L, Arora J. Vitamin A and vitamin D regulate the microbial complexity, barrier function, and the mucosal immune responses to ensure intestinal homeostasis. CritRevBiochem Mol Biol. 2019;54(2):184-92. https://doi.org/10.1080/10409238.2019.1611734
64. Areco VA, Kohan R, Talamoni G, Talamoni NG, Peralta López ME. Intestinal Ca2+ absorption revisited: A molecular and clinical approach. World J Gastroenterol. 2020;26(24):3344-64. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v26.i24.3344
65. Bandopadhyay P, Ganguly D. Gut dysbiosis and metabolic diseases. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2022;191:153-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.031
66. Wei X, Peng R, Cao J, Kang Y, Qu P, Liu Y et al. Serum vitamin A status is associated with obesity and the metabolic syndrome among school-age children in Chongqing, China. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2016;25(3):563-70. https://doi.org/10.6133/apjcn.2016.25.3.11
67. Stenzel AP, Carvalho R, Jesus P, Bull A, Pereira S, Saboya C et al. Serum antioxidant associations with metabolic characteristics in metabolically healthy and unhealthy adolescents with severe obesity: an observational study. Nutrients. 2018;10(2):150. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10020150
68. Wong SK, Chin KY, Suhaimi FH, Ahmad F, Ima-Nirwana S. Vitamin E as a potential interventional treatment for metabolic syndrome: evidence from animal and human studies. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8:444. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00444
69. Nie X, Jin H, Wen G, Xu J, An J, Liu X et al. Estrogen regulates duodenal calcium absorption through differential role of estrogen receptor on calcium transport proteins. Dig Dis Sci. 2020;65(12):3502-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-020-06076-x
70. Iruzubieta P, Terán Á, Crespo J, Fábrega E. Vitamin D deficiency in chronic liver disease. World J Hepatol. 2014;6(12):901-15. https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v6.i12.901
71. Hasegawa T, Yoneda M, Nakamura K, Makino I, Terano A. Plasma transforming growth factor-beta1 level and efficacy of alpha-tocopherol in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a pilot study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001;15(10):1667-72. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2001.01083.x
72. Sumida Y, Yoneda M. Current and future pharmacological therapies for NAFLD/NASH. J Gastroenterol. 2018;53(3):362-76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-017-1415-1
73. Licata A, Zerbo M, Como S, Cammilleri M, Soresi M, MontaltoGet al. The role of vitamin deficiency in liver disease: To supplement or not supplement?. Nutrients. 2021;13(11):4014. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13114014
74. Norazlina M, Ima-Nirwana S, Abul Gapor MT, Abdul Kadir Khalid B. Tocotrienols are needed for normal bone calcification in growing female rats. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2002;11(3):194-9. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-6047.2002.00290.x
75. Smith BJ, Lucas EA, Turner RT, Evans GL, Lerner MR, Brackett DJ et al. Vitamin E provides protection for bone in mature hindlimb unloaded male rats. Calcif Tissue Int. 2005;76(4):272-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-004-0269-8
76. Gillingham LG, Harris-Janz S, Jones, PJ. Dietary monounsaturated fatty acids are protective against metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Lipids. 2011;46(3):209-228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-010-3524-y
77. Makowske M, Feinman RD. Nutrition education: a questionnaire for assessment and teaching. Nutrition Journal. 2005;4(2):2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-4-2.
78. Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Lichtenstein AH,Dolnikowski G, Palermo NJ, Rasmussen H. Dietary fat increases vitamin D-3 absorption. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2015;115(2):225-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2014.09.014
79. Reboul E,Soayfane Z, Gonçalves A, Cantiello M, Bott R, Nauze M et al.Respective contributions of intestinal Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 and scavenger receptor class B type I to cholesterol and tocopherol uptake: in vivo v. in vitro studies. The British Journal of Nutrition. 2012;107(9):1296-1304. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511005315
80. Gonçalves A,Gleize B, Roi S, Nowicki M,Dhaussy A, Huertas A et al. Fatty acids affect micellar properties and modulate vitamin D uptake and basolateral efflux in Caco-2 cells. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2013;24(10):1751-1757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.01.007
81. Jablonski KL,Chonchol M, Pierce GL, Walker AE, Seals DR. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficiency is associated with inflammation-linked vascular endothelial dysfunction in middle-aged and older adults. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex:1979).2011;57(1):63-69. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.162551
82. Bellia A, Garcovich C, D'Adamo M, Lombardo M, Tesauro M, Donadel G et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are inversely associated with systemic inflammation in severe obese subjects. Internal and Emergency Medicine. 2013;8(1):33-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-012-0807-0
83. Bhattacharya A, Banu J, Rahman M, Causey J, Fernandes G. Biological effects of conjugated linoleic acids in health and disease. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry. 2006;17(12):789-810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.04.004
84. McCrorie TA, Keaveney EM, Wallace JM, Binns N, Livingstone MB. Human health effects of conjugated linoleic acid from milk and supplements. Nutrition Research Reviews. 2011;24(2):206-227. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422411000116
85. Dilzer A, Park Y. Implication of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in human health. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2012;52(6):488-513. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.563128
86. Kim JH, Kim Y, Kim Y, ParkY. Conjugated Linoleic Acid: Potential Health Benefits as a Functional Food Ingredient. Annual Review of Food Science and Technology. 2016;7:221-244. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-041715-033143
87. Basak S, Duttaroy AK. Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Its Beneficial Effects in Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer. Nutrients. 2020;12(7):1913. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12071913
88. Jewell C, Cashman KD. The effect of conjugated linoleic acid and medium-chain fatty acids on transepithelial calcium transport in human intestinal-like Caco-2 cells. The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003;89(5):639-647. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN2003857
89. Wongdee K,Chanpaisang K,Teerapornpuntakit J,Charoenphandhu N. Intestinal Calcium Absorption. Comprehensive Physiology. 2021;11(3):2047-2073. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c200019
90. Kelly O, Cusack S, Jewell C, Cashman KD. The effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids, including conjugated linoleic acid, on calcium absorption and bone metabolism and composition in young growing rats. The British Journal of Nutrition. 2003;90(4):743-750. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN2003892
91. Wang Y,Dellatore P,Douard V, Qin L, Watford M, Ferraris RP et al. High fat diet enriched with saturated, but not monounsaturated fatty acids adversely affects femur, and both diets increase calcium absorption in older female mice. Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.). 2016;36(7):742-750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2016.02.002
92. Shapses SA, Sukumar D, Schneider SH, Schlussel Y, Brolin RE,Taich L. Hormonal and dietary influences on true fractional calcium absorption in women: role of obesity. Osteoporosis International. 2012;23(11):2607-2614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-012-2051-5
93. Cao JJ, Gregoire BR. A high-fat diet increases body weight and circulating estradiol concentrations but does not improve bone structural properties in ovariectomized mice. Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.). 2016;36(4):320-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2015.11.004
94. Gumede NM,Lembede BW, Brooksbank RL,Erlwanger KH,Chivandi E. β-Sitosterol Shows Potential to Protect Against the Development of High-Fructose Diet-Induced Metabolic Dysfunction in Female Rats. Journal of Medicinal Food. 2020;23(4):367-374. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2019.0147
95. Fang SH, Rao YK, Tzeng YM. Anti-oxidant and inflammatory mediator's growth inhibitory effects of compounds isolated from Phyllanthus urinaria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2008;116(2):333-340. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.11.027
96. Ding Y, Nguyen HT, Kim SI, Kim HW, Kim YH. The regulation of inflammatory cytokine secretion in macrophage cell line by the chemical constituents of Rhus sylvestris. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 2009;19(13):3607-3610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.05.042
97. Liz R, Zanatta L, Reis GO, Horst, H, Pizzolatti MG, Silva, FR et al. Acute effect of β-sitosterol on calcium uptake mediates anti-inflammatory effect in murine activated neutrophils. The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2013;65(1):115-122. https://doi.org/10.1111/jphp.12021
98. Alappat L, Valerio M, Awad AB. Effect of vitamin D and β-sitosterol on immune function of macrophages. International Immunopharmacology. 2010;10(11):1390-1396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2010.08.001
99. Kuhn J, Brandsch C,Kiourtzidis M, Nier A, Bieler S, Matthäus B et al. Microalgae-derived sterols do not reduce the bioavailability of oral vitamin D3 in mice. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. 2022. Advance Online Publication. https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000911
100. Ma L, Ma Y, Liu Y. β-Sitosterol protects against food allergic response in BALB/c mice by regulating the intestinal barrier function and reconstructing the gut microbiota structure. Food & Function, 2023;14(10), 4456–4469. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3FO00882K
101. Canani RB, Sangwan N, Stefka AT, Nocerino R, Paparo L, Aitoro R et al. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG-supplemented formula expands butyrate-producing bacterial strains in food allergic infants. The ISME Journal, 2016, 10(3), 742–750. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2015.164
102. Cheow YQ, Arasu K, Wong SY, Khaw KY, Chong CW, Weaver C et al. Calcium food sources in primary school children with low calcium intakes in Kuala Lumpur. Nutritionand Health, 2023. Preprint. https://doi.org/10.1177/02601060231155591
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2026 Ciro Pacheco de Mello Filho , Aline de Piano Ganen , Adriana Garcia Peloggia de Castro , Clara Korukian Freiberg , Deborah Cristina Landi Masquio , Sandra Maria Chemin Seabra da Silva , Priscila Sala Kobal
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
DECLARAÇÃO DE RESPONSABILIDADE
Título do manuscrito: __________________________________________________________________
1. Declaração de responsabilidade
Certifico minha participação no trabalho acima intitulado e torno pública minha responsabilidade pelo seu conteúdo.
Certifico que o manuscrito representa um trabalho original e que nem este ou quaisquer outros trabalhos de minha autoria, em parte ou na integra, com conteúdo substancialmente similar, foi publicado ou foi enviado a outra revista.
Em caso de aceitação deste texto por parte de Demetra: Alimentação, Nutrição & Saúde, declaro estar de acordo com a política de acesso público e de direitos autorais adotadas por Demetra, que estabelece o seguinte: (a) os autores mantêm os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, sendo o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a Creative Commons Attribution License, que permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial neste periódico; (b) os autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (p.ex., publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista; e (c) os autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (p.ex., em repositórios institucionais ou em sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado.
2. Conflito de interesses
Declaro não ter conflito de interesses em relação ao presente artigo.
Data, assinatura e endereço completo de todos os autores.
