Religion in a Global Context: the reframing of the concept during early modern globalization
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12957/revmar.2023.74019Palabras clave:
Globalization, Religion, European expansion, HybridizationResumen
In recent decades, many scholars have questioned the use of the term “religion” to describe non-Western cultures. Many espoused the idea that the word had no accurate translation or correspondence in these contexts, and hence, it had to be invented. However, even in the West, the concept went through significant transformations throughout History. This article discusses the transformations it underwent during the early modern period when global connections were forged due to European expansion initially led by the Iberian kingdoms. Building on debates raised by the scholarship that regards religion as an invented category artificially applied to non-Western settings, but also countering its conclusions, I argue that a new understanding of “religion” developed as a result of early modern globalization and Christianity’s universal aspiration combined. Since the concept of “religion” incorporated and responded to non-European realities and traditions, it cannot be interpreted as an exclusively Western concept.
Citas
ABELARD, Peter. Ethical Writings: His Ethics or “Know Yourself” and His Dialogue between a Philosopher, a Jew and a Christian. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1995.
ABÉLARD, Pierre. Dialogus Inter Philosophum, Iudaeum et Christianum. Berolini: Imprensis Th. Chr. Fr. Enslin, 1831.
ACOSTA, Ioseph de. Historia Natural y Moral de Las Indias. Seville: Casa de Iuan de Leon, 1590.
ACOSTA, José de. Predicación del Evangelio en las Indias. Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, 1999. E-book. Disponível em: http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/nd/ark:/59851/bmcws8p6.
AGNOLIN, Adone. História das Religiões: Perspectiva Histórico-Comparativa. São Paulo: Paulinas, 2013.
AGNOLIN, Adone. O Amplexo Político dos Costumes de um Jesuíta Brâmane na Índia: A Acomodação de Roberto de’ Nobili em Madurai e a Polêmica do Malabar (Séc. XVII). 2017. Tese (Livre-docência em História) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, 2017.
ASAD, Talal. Genealogies of Religion: Discipline and Reasons of Power in Christianity and Islam. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993.
BALAGANGADHARA, S. N. “The Heathen in His Blindness...”: Asia, the West and the Dynamic of Religion. Leiden, New York, Köln: Brill, 1994.
BANCHOFF, Thomas, and José Casanova. Introduction: The Jesuits and Globalization. In: CASANOVA, José; BANCHOFF, Thomas (Eds.). The Jesuits and Globalization: Historical Legacies and Contemporary Challenges. Washington: Georgetown University Press, 2016.
BARNES, Jerome Randall. Giovanni Battista Ramusio and the History of Discoveries: An Analysis of Ramusio’s Commentary, Cartography, and Imagery in Delle Navigationi et Viaggi. 2007. Tese (Doutorado em Filosofia) – University of Texas at Arlington, 2007.
BERG, Maxine. Global History: Approaches and New Directions. In: BERG, Maxine. Writing the History of the Global. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
BERNABÉ, Renata Cabral. O Impacto da Atividade Missionária Jesuíta no Japão dentro da Segunda Escolástica. Revista Jesus Histórico, XIV, n. 26, 2021.
BERNAND, Carmen; GRUZINSKI Serge. De la Idolatría: Una Arqueología de las Ciencias Religiosas. Cidade do México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1992.
CASANOVA, José; BANCHOFF Thomas F. (Eds.). The Jesuits and Globalization: Historical Legacies and Contemporary Challenges. Washington: Georgetown University Press, 2016.
CASAS, Bartolomé de las. Apologética Historia de Las Indias. Editado por Serrano y Sanz. Madrid: Bailly, 1909.
CAVANAUGH, William T. The Myth of Religious Violence: Secular Ideology and the Roots of Modern Conflict. Oxford University Press, 2009.
CHEN, Kuan-Hsing. Asia as Method: Toward Deimperialization. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2010.
CLOSSEY, Luke. Salvation and Globalization in the Early Jesuit Missions. Cambridge University Press, 2008.
DOUKI, Caroline; MINARD, Philippe. Global History, Connected Histories: A Shift of Historiographical Scale?. Revue d’histoire Moderne & Contemporaine, 54–4, n. 5, p. 7-21, 2007.
DUVE, Thomas. El Tratado de Tordesillas: ¿Una ‘Revolución Espacial’? Cosmografía, Prácticas Jurídicas y la Historia del Derecho Internacional Público. Revista de Historia del Derecho, n. 54, p. 77–107, 2017.
FITZGERALD, Timothy. Discourse on Civility and Barbarity: A Critical History of Religion and Related Categories. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.
FLYNN, Dennis O.; GIRÁLDEZ Arturo. Born Again: Globalization’s Sixteenth Century Origins (Asian/Global Verus European Dynamics). Pacific Economic Review, 13, n. 3, p. 359–87, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0106.2008.00403.x.
FLYNN, Dennis O.; GIRÁLDEZ Arturo. Path Dependence, Time Lags and the Birth of Globalisation: A Critique of O’Rourke and Williamson. European Review of Economic History, 8, n. 1, p. 81–108, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1361491604001066.
GASBARRO, Nicola Maria. A Modernidade Ocidental e a Generalização de ‘Religião’ e ‘Civilização’: O Agir Comunicativo Das Missões. In: ALMEIDA Neri de Barros e SILVA Eliana Moura da (Eds.). Missão e Pregação – A Comunicação Religiosa entre a História da Igreja e a História das Religiões. São Paulo: Fap-Unifesp, 2014.
GASBARRO, Nicola Maria. Missões: A Civilização Cristã em Ação. In: MONTERO, Paula (Ed.). Deus na Aldeia: Missionários, Índios e Mediação Cultural. São Paulo: Globo, 2006.
GREYERZ, Kasper Von. Religion and Culture in Early Modern Europe, 1500-1800. Oxford University Press, 2007.
GRUZINSKI, Serge. Las Cuatro Partes del Mundo: Historia de una Mundialización. México: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2010.
HAUSBERGER, Bernd. Precious Metals in the Americas at the Beginning of Global Economy. In: O’TOOLE, Rachel Sarah; MORE, Anna; VALLE Ivonne del (Eds.). Iberian Empires and the Roots of Globalization. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2020.
HOERDER, Dirk. Global Migrations. In: SUBRAHMANYAM Sanjay; BENTLEY Jerry H.; WIESNER-HANKS Merry E. (Eds.). The Construction of a Global World, 1440-1800 CE Patterns of Change. The Cambridge World History, v. 6–II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
HONNEFELDER, Ludger. Natural Law as the Principle of Practical Reason: Thomas Aquinas’ Legacy in the Second Scholasticism. In: CULLETON, Alfredo Santiago; PICH Roberto Hofmeister. Right and Nature in the First and Second Scholasticism. Turnhout: Brepols Pub, 2014.
ISOMAE, Jun’ichi. Deconstructing ‘Japanese Religion’: A Historical Survey. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, v. 32, n. 2, p. 235–48, 2005.
JONES, W. R. The Image of the Barbarian in Medieval Europe. Comparative Studies in Society and History, v. 13, n. 4, 1971.
JOSEPHSON, Jason Ānanda. The Invention of Religion in Japan. Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press, 2012.
Klautau, Orion. “宗教概念と日本：Religionとの出会いと土着思想の再編成 Shūkyō Gainen to Nihon: Religion to no Deai to Dochaku Shisō no Saihensei.” In: SHIMAZONO, Susumu; TAKANO, Toshihiko; HAYASHI, Makoto; WAKAO, Masaki. シリーズ日本人と宗教：近世から近代へ (Shirīzu Nihonjin to Shūkyō: Kinsei Kara Kindai e). Tokyo: Shunjūsha, 2014.
LEBRUN, Richard. Review of Les Quatre Parties du Monde. Histoire d’une Mondialisation, by Serge Gruzinski. Histoire Sociale/Social History, v. XXXVIII, n. 76, p. 517–19, 2005.
GÓMARA, Francisco López de. Historia de la Conquista de México. Caracas: Fundación Biblioteca Ayacucho, 2007.
GÓMARA, Francisco López de. Historia General de las Indias. Alicante: Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, 1999. E-book. Disponível em: http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/nd/ark:/59851/bmcz8963.
MEDINA, Juan Ruiz de (Ed.). Documentos del Japón 1547-1557. Monumenta Historica Societatis Iesu, v. 137. Roma: Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu, 1990.
MONTERO, Paula. Índios e Missionários no Brasil: Para uma Teoria da Mediação Cultural. In: MONTERO, Paula (Ed.). Deus na Aldeia: Missionários, Índios e Mediação Cultural. São Paulo: Globo, 2006.
MOYN, Samuel; SARTORI, Andrew. Approaches to Global Intellectual History. In: MOYN, Samuel; SARTORI, Andrew (Eds.). Global Intellectual History. New York: Columbia University Press, 2013.
MUKHERJEE, Rila. Introduction: The Many Faces of the First Global Age c. 1400-1800. In: MUKHERJEE, Rila. Networks in the First Global Age, 1400– 1800. New Deli: Indian Council of Historical Research in association with Primus Books, 2011.
NONGBRI, Brent. Before Religion: A History of a Modern Concept. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2013.
O’ROURKE, Kevin H.; WILLIAMSON, Jeffrey G. Once More: When Did Globalisation Begin?. European Review of Economic History, v. 8, n. 1, p. 109–17, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1361491604001078.
OWENS, J. B. What Kind of System Is It? The DynCoopNet Project as a Tribute to Andre Gunder Frank (1929-2005). In: MUKHERJEE, Rila. Networks in the First Global Age, 1400– 1800. New Deli: Indian Council of Historical Research in association with Primus Books, 2011.
PALOMO, Federico; MALDAVSKY Aliocha. La Misión en los Espacios del Mundo Ibérico: Conversiones, Formas de Control y Negociación. In: XAVIER, Angela Barreto; PALOMO, Federico; STUMPF Roberta.
Monarquias Ibéricas em Perspectiva Comparada: Dinâmicas Imperiais e Circulação de Modelos Político-Administrativos (Séculos XVI-XVIII). Lisboa: Imprensa de Ciência Sociais, 2018.
PETTIGREW, William A.; VEEVERS, David. Introduction. In: PETTIGREW, William A.; VEEVERS, David (Eds.). The Corporation as a Protagonist in Global History, c. 1550-1750. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2019. https://brill.com/view/title/39482.
RUBIÉS, Joan-Pau. Comparing Cultures in the Early Modern World: Hierarchies, Genealogies and the Idea of European Modernity. In: GAGNÉ, Renaud; GOLDHILL, Simon; LLOYD Geoffrey E. R. (Eds.). Regimes of Comparatism: Frameworks of Comparison in History, Religion and Anthropology. Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2019.
RUBIÉS, Joan-Pau. The Discovery of New Worlds and Sixteenth-Century Philosophy. In: HILL, Benjamin; LAGERLUND Henrik. The Routledge Companion to Sixteenth Century Philosophy. Abingdon: Routledge, 2017. DOI: https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.4324/9781315770512.ch2.
SAID, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. New York: First Vintage Books, 1994.
SMITH, Jonathan. Religion, Religions, Religious. In: TAYLOR, Marc C. Critical Terms for Religious Studies. Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press, 1998.
STRENSKI, Ivan. The Religion in Globalization. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, v. 72, n. 3, p. 631–52, 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/lfh062.
STROUMSA, Guy G. A New Science - The Discovery of Religion in the Age of Reason. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2010.
STROUMSA, Guy G. The Scholarly Discovery of Religion in Early Modern Times. In: SUBRAHMANYAM Sanjay; BENTLEY Jerry H.; WIESNER-HANKS Merry E. (Eds.). The Construction of a Global World, 1440-1800 CE Patterns of Change. The Cambridge World History, v. 6–II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
SUBRAHMANYAM, Sanjay. Em Busca das Origens da História Global: Aula Inaugural Proferida no Collège de France em 28 de Novembro de 2013. Estudos Históricos, v. 30, n. 60, p. 219–40, 2017.
SUBRAHMANYAM, Sanjay. On Early Modern History. In: SUBRAHMANYAM Sanjay; BENTLEY Jerry H. e WIESNER-HANKS Merry E. (Eds.). The Construction of a Global World, 1440-1800 CE Patterns of Change. The Cambridge World History, v. 6–II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
TRIVELLATO, Francesca. The Organization of Trade in Europe and Asia, 1400-1800. In: SUBRAHMANYAM Sanjay; BENTLEY Jerry H. e WIESNER-HANKS Merry E. (Eds.). The Construction of a Global World, 1440-1800 CE Patterns of Change. The Cambridge World History, v. 6–II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
VALIGNANO, Alejandro. Sumario de Las Cosas de Japon, 1583. Editado por José Luis Alvarez-Taladriz. Monumenta Nipponica Monographs, v. 9. Tokyo: Sophia University, 1954.
VALIGNANO, Alejandro. Catechismus Christianae Fidei, in quo Veritas Nostrae Religionis Ostenditur, Sectae Iaponeses Confutantur. Lisbon, 1586.
VALLE, Ivonne del; MORE, Anna; O’TOOLE, Rachel Sarah. Introduction: Iberian Empires and a Theory of Early Modern Globalization. In: VALLE, Ivonne del; MORE, Anna; O’TOOLE, Rachel Sarah (Eds.). Iberian Empires and the Roots of Globalization. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2019.
VIEIRA, António. História do Futuro. FV Éditions, 1982. E-book. Disponível em https://bds.unb.br/bitstream/123456789/944/1/História%20do%20futuro%20vol.%20I%20-%20Íntegra.pdf. Acesso em 05 ago 2022.
VRIES, Jan de. The Limits of Globalization in the Early Modern World. Economic History Review, v. 63, n. 3, 2010, p. 710–33, 2010.
WILDE, Guillermo. La Invención de la Religión Indígena: Adaptación, Apropiación y Mímesis en las Fronteras Misioneras de Sudamérica Colonial. Anais de História de Além-Mar, v. XVII, p. 21–58, 2016.
PADEN, William. Interpreting the Sacred: Ways of Viewing Religion. Boston: Beacon Press, 2003.
ZERON, Carlos Alberto de Moura Ribeiro. Political Theories and Jesuit Politics. In: ŽUPANOV, Ines G. The Oxford Handbook of the Jesuits. Oxford Handbooks Online, 2018.
ZUNIGA, Jean-Paul. L’Histoire Impériale à l’heure de l’«histoire Globale». Une Perspective Atlantique. Revue d’histoire Moderne & Contemporaine, v. 54-4bis, n. 5, p. 54–68, 2007.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Os autores mantêm os direitos autorais e concedem à Revista Maracanan o direito de publicação, sob uma Licença Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0 Internacional, a qual permite que outros distribuam, remixem, adaptem e criem a partir do seu trabalho, mesmo para fins comerciais, desde que lhe atribuam o devido crédito pela criação original.
Os dados e conceitos abordados são da exclusiva responsabilidade do autor.
A Revista Maracanan está licenciada com uma Licença Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0 Internacional.
