From Iberianism to Hispano-Americanism, from the Latin Federation to the Portuguese-Brazilian Confederation – Paths and reflections of some Portuguese intellectuals between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

Abstract

This paper aims to highlight the often complex and even ambiguous thought path of some Portuguese intellectuals from different ideological fields, namely republicans (mainly federalists) and “integralist” monarchists, between the mid-nineteenth century and the early twentieth century, concerning theories of Iberianism and Hispano-Americanism, showing the effective connection between them and their similarities and divergences considering the opposite political frame, as well as the emergence of other formulations of supranational understanding (Latin federation, western union, pan-lusitanism, hispanism, peninsular alliance, Portuguese-Brazilian confederation) raised by pacifist ideals or emerging in the specific context of World War I.