Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the hexanic extract of "Echinodorus macrophyllus" (Kunth) Micheli in mice
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12957/bjhbs.2019.53056Abstract
Introduction: Echinodorus macrophyllus (Kunth) Micheli,
Alismataceae, commonly known as “chapéu de couro”, is
used in the treatment of various inflammatory conditions.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive
and anti-inflammatory neurogenic potential and perform the
phytochemical analysis of its hexanic extract (HEEm). Material
and methods: The HEEm was obtained by maceration of
dried leaves with hexane (100 g d.w./2 L). Its composition was
determined by GC-MS (DB1 column) by comparison of retention
indices in the database and literature. The antinociceptive
potential was evaluated in SW or DBA/1 male mice using
chemical (acetic acid and formalin), thermal (tail immersion
and hot plate tests) and topical (xylene) nociception models,
all approved by the Ethics Committee (CEA-IBRAG). Results:
HEEM presented antinociceptive activity in the model of:
acetic acid-induced writhing (52%; 25mg/kg); tail immersion
(60 and 90 minutes; 50 mg/kg); hot-plate in 60 minutes (25
and 100mg/kg) and 120 minutes (25mg/kg); formalin tests, at
the neurogenic (63.4%, 100mg/kg), and inflammatory (50%;
50 and 100mg/kg) phases; and in neurogenic inflammation
induced by xylene (88.3%; 100mg/kg). These activities seem to
be related to the terpene and fatty acid derivatives evidenced
by GC-MS. Discussion: HEEm presented antinociceptive, as
well as anti-inflammatory, activity by central and peripheral
mechanisms, It consists of terpenic and fatty acid derivatives,
described in the literature as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory,
and antinociceptives. Conclusions: HEEm showed antinociceptive
activity in all models, which can be related to the
presence of terpenic and fatty acid derivatives.
Keywords: Echinodorus macrophyllus; Nociception;
Neurogenic inflammation; Phytochemistry.
Downloads
References
Abrahin O, Rodrigues RP, Nascimento VC, et al. Single-and 1.
Newman DJ, Cragg GM. Natural products as sources of new
drugs from 1981 to 2014. J Nat Prod. 2016;79:629-661.
Ekor M. The growing use of herbal medicines: issues relating
to adverse reactions and challenges in monitoring safety. Front
Pharmacol. 2013;4:177. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00177.
de La Cruz MG. Plantas utilizadas por raizeiros na medicina
popular em Cuiabá, Mato Grosso. In: Plantas medicinais de
Mato Grosso - A Farmacopeia Popular dos Raizeiros. Cuiabá,
MG, Brazil, Carlini & Caniato, eds.; p.63-128,2008.
Lopes CL, Albano F, Laranja GAT et al. Toxicological evaluation by in
vitro and in vivo assays of an aqueous extract prepared from Echinodorus
macrophyllus leaves. Toxicol Letters. 2000;116:189-198.
da Silva GP, Fernandes DC, Vigliano MV et al. Flavonoid-enriched
fraction from Echinodorus macrophyllus aqueous extract exhibits
high in-vitro and in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity. J Pharm Pharmacol.
;68:1584-1596.
Tannus-Rangel E, Santos SR, Lima JCS, et al. Topical and systemic
anti-inflammatory effects of Echinodorus macrophyllus (Kunth.)
Micheli (Alismataceae). J Med Food. 2010;13:1161-1166.
Fernandes DC, Velozo LSM, Alves RA, et al. Antinociceptive activity
of essential oil from Echinodorus macrophyllus (Kunth.) Micheli
(Alismataceae). Rev Fitos. 2012;7:245-251.
Strada CL, Lima KC, Silva VC, et al. Isovitexin as marker and bioactive
compound in the antinociceptive activity of the Brazilian crude
drug extracts of Echinodorus scaber and E. Grandiflorus. Braz J
Pharmacog. 2017;27:619-626.
Priestap HA, Van Baren CM, Di Leo Lira, et al. Volatile constit-
uents of Aristolochia argentina. Phytochemistry 2003;63:221-
Silva MS, Miranda RRS, Ferraz VP, et al. Changes in the essential oil
composition of leaves of Echinodrus macrophyllus exposed to
γ-radiation, Rev Brasil Farmacog. 2013;23:600-607.
Koster R, Anderson M, de Beer EJ. Acetic acid for analgesic
screening. Fed Proc. 1959;18:412.
Shibata M, Ohkubo T, Takahashi H, et al. Modified formalin
test: characteristic biphasic pain response. Pain. 1989;38:347-
Tita B, Abdel-Haq H, Vitalone A, et al. Analgesic properties of
Epilobium angustifolium, evaluated by the hot plate test and the
writhing test. Farmaco. 2001;56:341-343.
Sewell RDE, Spencer PSJ. Antinociceptive activity of narcotic
agonist and partial agonist analgesics and other agents in
the tail-immersion test in mice and rats. Neuropharmacol.
;15:683-688.4
Young JM, de Young JM. Cutaneous models of inflammation
for the evaluation of topical and systemic pharmacological
agents. In: Spector J, Back N, eds. Pharmacological methods
in the control of inflammation. New York. p.215-231,1989.
Tjølsen A, Berge OG, Hunskaar S, et al. The formalin test: an
evaluation of the method. Pain. 1992;51:5-17.
Castro FL. Atividade antiedematogênica e antinociceptiva do
extrato aquoso de folhas de Echinodorus macrophyllus. Dissertação
(Mestrado pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências),
Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2005.
Fernandes DC. Fracionamento do extrato de Echinodorus macrophyllus
biomonitorado pela atividade anti-inflamatória tópica.
Dissertação (Mestrado pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências).
Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro,
Ribeiro RA, Vale SM, Thomazzi AB, et al. Involvement of resident
macrophages and mast cells in the writhing nociceptive
response induced by zymosan and acetic acid in mice. Eur J
Pharmacol. 2000;387:111-118.
Ikeda Y, Ueno A, Naraba H, et al. Involvement of vanilloid
receptor VR1 and prostanoids in the acid-induced writhing
responses of mice. Life Sci. 2001;69:2911-2019.
Collier HOJ, Dinneen LC, Johnson CA, et al. The abdominal
constriction response and its suppression by analgesic drugs
in the mouse. Brit J Pharmacol. 1968;32:295-310.
Shibata M, Ohkubo T, Takahashi H, et al. Modified formalin
test: characteristic biphasic pain response. Pain. 1989;38:347-
Coderre TJ, Yashpal K. Intracellular messengers contributing to
persistent nociception and hyperalgesia induced by L-glutamate
and substance P in the rat formalin pain model. Eur J
Neurosci. 1994;6:1328-1334.
Danneman PJ, Kiritsy-Roy JA, Morrow TJ et al. Central delay of
the laser-activated rat tail-flick reflex. Pain 1994;58:39-44.
Jensen TS, Yaksh TL. Comparison of antinociceptive action of
morphine in the periaqueductal gray medial and paramedical
medulla in the rat. Brain Res. 1986;363:99-113.
Katzung BG. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 6th ed. Appleton
and Lange, Connecticut, 2005.
Le Bars D, Gozariu M, Cadden SW. Animal models of nociception.
Pharmacol Rev. 2001;53:597-652.
Bomba FDT, Wandji BA, Piegang BN, et al. Antinociceptive properties
of the aqueous and methanol extracts of the stem bark of Petersianthus
macrocarpus (P. Beauv.) Liben (Lecythidaceae) in mice. J
Ethnopharmacol. 2015;174:66-73.
Richardson JD, Vasko MR. Cellular mechanisms of neurogenic
inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Therap. 2002;302:839-845.
Banki E, Hajna Z, Kemeny A, et al. The selective PAC1 receptor
agonist maxadilan inhibits neurogenic vasodilation and edema
formation in the mouse skin. Neuropharmacol. 2014;85:538-
Reddy LH, Couvreur P. Squalene: A natural triterpene for use in
disease management and therapy. Advanc Drug Delivery Rev.
;61:1412-1426.
Santos CCMP, Salvadori MS, Mota VG, et al. Antinociceptive and
antioxidant activities of phytol in vivo and in vitro models. Neurosc
J. 2013;2013:949452. doi: 10.1155/2013/949452.
Silva RO, Sousa FBM, Damasceno SRB et al. Phytol, a diterpene
alcohol, inhibits the inflammatory response by reducing
cytokine production and oxidative stress. Fund Clin Pharmacol.
;28,455-464.
Islama MT, Alic ES, Uddind SJ, et al. Phytol: A review of biomedical
activities. Food Chem Toxicol. 2018;121:82-94.
Newill H, Loske R, Wagner J, et al. Oxidation products of stigmasterol
interfere with the action of the female sex hormone
b-estradiol in cultured human breast and endometrium cell
lines. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007;51:888-898.
Yadav M, Parlea M, Jindala DK, et al. Protective effects of
stigmasterol against ketamine-induced psychotic symptoms:
Possible behavioral, biochemical and histopathological changes
in mice. Pharmacol Rep. 2018;70:591-599.
Jelenko C, Wheeler ML, Anderson AP, et al. Studies in burns:
XIV, Heling in burn wounds treated with Ethyl Linoleate alone or
in combination with selected topical antibacterial agents Ann
Surg. 1975;182:562-566.
Charakida A, Charakida M, Chu AC Double-blind, randomized,
placebo-controlled study of a lotion containing triethyl citrate
and ethyl linoleate in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Br J Dermatol.
;157:569-574.
Rayne S. Chemical profiles of essential oils and non-polar extractables
from sumac (Rhus spp.). a mini-review. Elect J Food
Plant Chem. 2008;3:5-9.
Muanda FN, Dicko A, Soulimani R. Chemical composition and
biological activities of Ficus capensis leaves extracts. J Nat
Prod. 2010;3:147-160.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
After the final approval, authors must send the copyright transfer agreement signed by the first author representing each additional author. In this agreement must be stated any conflicts of interest.
Brazilian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences de http://bjhbs.hupe.uerj.br/ is licensed under a License Creative Commons - Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International. 
