Responsabilização da vítima de violência sexual como processo discriminatório
Mots-clés :
Vitimização Secundária, Violência Contra A Mulher, Violência SexualRésumé
Neste trabalho investigou-se a responsabilização da vítima de violência sexual como expressão da discriminação contra a mulher. Para alcançar esse objetivo foram realizados dois estudos empíricos utilizando delineamento quase-experimental. No Estudo 1 (N = 200), analisou-se o efeito das pertenças raciais da vítima de violência (branca vs. negra) e do agressor (branca vs. negra) na responsabilização da mulher pela violência por ela sofrida. Por sua vez, o Estudo 2 (N = 202) investigou o efeito de interação encontrado no Estudo 1 em dois contextos distintos: entre participantes inseridos no âmbito de atenção à saúde e não relacionados com essa realidade. Tomados em conjunto, os resultados sugerem que a vitimização secundária sofrida pela vítima de violência sexual é maior quando ela é branca e se envolve com um homem negro; e que este efeito é mais forte no contexto relacionado com a atenção à saúde.
Références
Aguiar, P., Vala, J., Correia, I., & Pereira, C. (2008). Justice in our world and in other’s world: Belief in a just world and reactions to victims. Social Justice Research, 21, 50-68.
Angelone, D. J., Mitchell, D., & Lucente, L. (2012). Predicting perceptions of date rape: An examination of perpetrator motivation, relationship length, and gender role beliefs. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(13), 2582-2602. https://doi.org//10.1177/0886260512436385
Bandura, S. (1986). Pensamiento y Acción. Martínez-Roca.
Barth, L. A. (2012). Intersectionality of rape: A study of victim-blaming attitudes based on race of victim [Doctoral dissertation]. Retrieved from UMI Dissertation Publishing.
Bendixen, M., Henriksen, M., & Nøstdahl, R. K. (2014). Attitudes toward rape and attribution of responsibility to rape victims in a Norwegian community sample. Nordic Psychology, 6(33), 168-186. https://doi.org//10.1080/19012276.2014.931813
Bieneck, S., & Krahé, B. (2011). Blaming the victim and exonerating the perpetrator in cases of rape and robbery: Is there a double standard? Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(9), 1785-1797. http://doi.org//10.1177/0886260510372945
Campbell, R. (1998). The community response to rape: victims’ esperiences with the legal, medical, and mental health. American Journal of Community Psychology, 26, 355. https://doi.org//10.1023/A:1022155003633.
Campbell, R. (2005). What really happened? A validation study of rape survivors’ help-seeking experiences with the legal and medical systems. Violence & Victims, 20, 55-68. https://doi.org//10.1891/0886-6708.2005.20.1.55.
Campbell, R. (2008). The psychological impact of rape victims. American Psychologist, 63, 702-717. https://doi.org//10.1037/0003-066X.63.8.702.
Carneiro, S. (2003). Mulheres em movimento. Estudos avançados, 17(49), 117-133.
Cazares, G. G. (2002). Cultural and ethnic influences on rape reporting (Unpublished thesis). Fresno.
Cerqueira, D. R. C., & Coelho, D. S. C. (2015). Redução da Idade de Imputabilidade Penal, Educação e Criminalidade. Ipea.
Cohn, E. S., Dupuis, E. C., & Brown, T. M. (2009). In the eye of the beholder: Do behavior and character affect victim and perpetrator responsibility for acquaintance rape. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39(7), 1513-1535. https://doi.org//10.1111/j.1559-1816.2009. 00493.x
Collins, P. H. (1990). Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness and the politics of empowerment. Unwin Hyman.
Collins, P. H. (2005). Black sexual politics: African Americans, gender, and the new racism. Routledge.
Correia, I., Alves, H., Sutton, R., Ramos, M., Gouveia-Pereira, M. & Vala, J. (2012). Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 747-752.
Correia, I. & Vala, J. (2003). When will a victim be secondarily victimized? The effect of observer’s belief in a just world, victim’s innocence and persistence of suffering. Social Justice Research, 16(4), 379-400.
Correia, I., Vala, J., & Aguiar, P. (2007). Victim’s innocence, social categorization and the threat to the belief in a just world. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 31-38.
Davis, G. L., & Cross, H. J. (1979). Sexual stereotyping of Black males in interracial sex. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 8, 269-279.
Donovan, R. A. (2004). To blame or not to blame: How target race affects rape blame attribution [Doctoral dissertation]. Retrieved from ProQuest Information and Learning Company.
Durán, M., Moya, M., Megías, J. L., & Viki, G. T. (2010). Social perception of rape victims in dating and married relationships: The role of perpetrator’s benevolent sexism. Sex Roles, 62(7-8), 505-519. https://doi.org//10.1007/s11199-009-9676-7
Ferrão, M. C., & Gonçalves, G. (2015). Rape crimes reviewed: the role of observer variables in female victim blaming. Psychological Thought, 8(1), 47-67. https://doi.org//10.5964/psyct. v8i1.131.
Filipas, H. H., & Ullman, S. E. (2011). Social Reactions to Sexual Assault Victims from Various Support Sources. Violence and Victims, 16(6).
Frese, B., Moya, M., & Megías, J. L. (2004). Social perception of rape: How rape myth acceptance modulates the influence of situational factors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19(2), 143-161. https://doi.org//10.1177/0886260503260245
George, W. H. & Martinez, L. J. (2002). Victim blaming in rape effects of victim and perpetrator race, type of rape and participant racism. Psychology of Women Quartely, 26, 110-119.
Grubb, A. R., & Turner, E. (2012). Attribution of blame in rape cases: A review of the impact of rape myth acceptance, gender role conformity and substance use on victim blaming. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17(5), 443-452. http://doi.org//10.1016/j.avb.2012.06.002.
Hewstone, M., Hantzi, A., & Johnston, L. (1991). Social categorization and person memory: The pervasiveness of race as an organizing principle. European Journal of Social Psychology, 21, 517–528
Hirsh, M. D. (1981). Women and violence. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
IPEA (2016). Atlas da violência 2016.
Jackson, M. A., Valentine, A. E., Woodward, E. N. & Pantalone, D. W. (2016). Secondary Victimization of Sexual Minority Men Followind Disclouse of Sexual assault: “Victimizing Me All Over Again…”. Sex Res Soc Policy. http://doi.org//10.1007/s13178-016-0249-6
Koch, L. W. (1995). Interracial rape: examining the increasing frequency argument. American Sociologist, 26, 76–86.
LaFree, G. D. (1989). Rape and criminal justice: The social construction of sexual assault. Wadsworth Publishing.
Lerner, M. J. (1965). Evaluation of performance as a function of performer’s reward and attractiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1(4), 355-360.
Lerner, M. J. (1980). The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion. Plenum Press.
Lima, M., E., O., Machado, C., Ávila, J., Lima, C. & Vala, J. (2005). Normas sociais e preconceito: o impacto da igualdade e da competição no preconceito automático contra os negros. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 19(2), 309-319.
Mandela, I. N. (2011). Rape attribution for African- American students. Undergraduate Research Awards, Paper 10. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1031&context=univ_lib_ura
Newcombe, P. A., Van den Eynde, J., Hafner, D., & Jolly, L. (2008). Attributions of responsibility for rape: Differences across familiarity of situation, gender, and acceptance of rape myths. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 38(7), 1736-1754. http://doi.org//10.1111/j.1559-1816.2008.00367.x
Paul, L. A., Kehn, A., Gray, M. J., & Salapska-Gelleri, J. (2014). Perceptions of, and assistance provide to, a hypothetical rape victim: Differences between rape disclosure recipients and nonrecipients. Journal of American College Health, 62(6), 426-433. http://doi.org//10.1080/07448481.2014.917651
Schraiber, L. B. (2012). Necessidade de saúde, políticas públicas e gênero: a perspectiva das práticas profissionais. Ciência & Saúde Coletiva, 17(10), 2635-2644.
Stangor, C., Lynch, L., Duan, C., & Glas, B. (1992). Categorization of individuals on the basis of multiple social features. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 62, 207– 218.
Strömwall, L. A., Alfredsson, H., & Landström, S. (2013). Rape victim and perpetrator blame and the Just World hypothesis: The influence of victim gender and age. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 19(2), 207-217. http://doi.org//10.1080/13552600.2012.683455
Strömwall, L. A., Landström, S., & Alfredsson, H. (2014). Perpetrator characteristics and blame attributions in a stranger rape situation. The European Journal of Pshychology Applied to Legal Context, 6(2), 63-67. http://doi.org//10.1016/j.ejpal.2014.06.002
Suzuki, Y. E., & Bonner, H. S. (2017). Factors Associated with College Students’ Responses to Rape-Disclosure Scenarios: Influence of Gender, Rape Characteristics, and Opinions About Health Professionals. Journal of School Violence, 16, 160-172.
Trujano, P. R. & Raich, M. I. E. (2000). Varables socioculturales en la atribuición de culpa a las víctimas de violación. Psicothema, 12(2), 223-228.
Ullman, S. E. (1996). Correlates and consequences of adult sexual assault disclosure. Journal of interpersonal Violence, 11(4), 554-571. http://doi.org//10.1177/088626096011004007
Varelas, N., & Foley, L. A. (1998). Blacks’and Whites’perceptions of interracial and intraracial date rape. Journal of Social Psychology, 138, 392-400.
Wheeler, J.G. & George, W. H. (2001). Race and sexual offending: A review of the literature. Manuscript under review.
Willis, C. E. (1992). The effect of sex role stereotype, victim and defendant race, and prior relationship on rape culpability attributions. Sex Roles, 26, 213-226.
Wyatt, G. E. (1982). Identifying stereotypes of Afro-American sexuality and their impact upon sexual behavior. In B. A. Bass, G. E. Wyatt, & G. J. Powell (Eds.), The Afro-American family: Assessment, treatment and research issues (pp. 333-346). Grune & Stratton.
Téléchargements
Publié-e
Comment citer
Numéro
Rubrique
Licence
Declaro que o texto é inédito e foi submetido exclusivamente a essa Revista para fins de publicação. Ressalto que foram respeitados todos os procedimentos éticos exigidos em lei.
Declaro concordar com a cessão dos direitos autorais do artigo à Revista Psicologia e Saber Social, estando vedada sua reprodução, total ou parcial, em meio impresso, magnético ou eletrônico, sem autorização prévia por escrito do Editor Científico da Revista.
