Women in development vs. Gender and Development in the United Nations Development agenda (1970-1999) | Mulheres no Desenvolvimento x Gênero e Desenvolvimento na agenda de desenvolvimento da ONU (1970-1999)
Palabras clave:
Women, Gender, DevelopmentResumen
The objective of this article is to reassess the contributions of the Women in Development (WID) and Gender and Development (GAD) approaches in the United Nations (UN) development agenda from 1970 to 1999. We address two questions: How did the UN incorporated the GAD perspective in the context of the Beijing Conference, and why the WID perspective remained dominant in the UN development agenda despite the incorporation of gender? We apply a qualitative methodology encompassing a literature review of feminist academics and a deductive approach based on theoretical elements of the agenda-setting framework and the “Three UN” perspective. We argue that the shift from women to gender in the Beijing Conference incorporated the GAD perspective by removing all critical views and adopting a depoliticized and non-confrontational perspective on gender. In this sense, the WID approach remained dominant because it did not contest diplomatic norms and previous consensus related to development.
Descargas
Citas
Alvarez, S. (1997) “Articulación y transnacionalización de los feminismos latinoamericanos”, Debate Feminista, 15, April, p. 146-170.
Alvarez, S. (2014) “Engajamentos ambivalentes, efeitos paradoxais: movimentos feminista e de mulheres na América Latina e/em/contra o desenvolvimento”, Revista Feminismos, 1 (2), p. 57-77.
Baden, S. and GOETZ, A.M. (1997) “Who Needs [Sex] When You Can Have [Gender]? Conflicting Discourses on Gender at Beijing”, Feminist Review, 56, p. 3-25.
Boserup, E. (2011) “Women’s Role in Economic Development”. In VISVANATHAN et al. (eds.), The Women, Gender and Development Reader. London: Zed Books, p. 28-37.
Campano, P. C. (2006) “Género, desarollo y cooperación internacional”. In: RIVA, M. C. de la. (ed.), Género y desarollo: el caminho hacia la equidad. Madrid: Catarata, p. 55-86.
Claude, I. (1996) “Peace and Security: Prospective Roles for the Two United Nations”, Global Governance, 2(3), p. 289-298.
Everett, J. and Charlton, S.E.M. (2014) Women Navigating Globalization: Feminist Approaches to Development. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.
Federici, S. (2012) Revolution at Point Zero: Housework, Reproduction, and Feminist Struggle. Brooklyn, NY: PM Press.
Goetz, A.M. (1988) “Feminism and the Limits of the Claim to Know: Contradictions in the Feminist Approach to Women in Development”, Millennium - Journal of International Studies, 17(3), p. 477-496.
Goetz, A.M. (1995) “Institutionalizing Women’s Interests and Accountability to Women in Development”, IDS Bulletin, 6(3), p. 1-10.
Jain, D. (2005) Women, development and the UN: A sixty-year quest for equality and justice. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Jaquette, J.S.; STAUDT, K. (2006) “Women, Gender, and Development”. In JAQUETTE, J.S.; SUMMERFIELD, G. (eds.), Women and Gender Equity in Development Theory and Practice: Institutions, Resources, and Mobilization. Durham and London: Duke University Press, p. 17-52.
Joachim, J.M. (2003) “Framing Issues and Seizing Opportunities: The UN, NGOs, and Women’s Rights”, International Studies Quarterly, 47, p. 247–274.
Joachim, J.M. (2007) Agenda setting, the UN and NGOs: Gender Violence and Reproductive Rights. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Jolly, R. et al. (2004) UN Contributions to Development Thinking and Practice. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
Livingston, S.G. (1992) “The Politics of International Agenda-Setting: Reagan and North-South Relations.” International Studies Quarterly, 36(3), p. 313-329.
Luca, C. de (2007) “Global Crisis, Development and the Emergence of Women Voices”. Femeris, 3 (1), p. 35-48.
Aguinaga, M.; Lang, M.; Mokrani, D.; Santillana, A. (2011) Pensar desde el feminismo: Críticas y alternativas al desarrollo. In: GRUPO PERMANENTE DE TRABAJO SOBRE ALTERNATIVAS AL DESARROLLO. Más allá del Desarrollo. Quito, Ecuador: Fundación Rosa Luxemburg/Abya Yala, November 2011, p. 55-82.
Manzano, I. R. (2006) Sobre el término género. In: RIVA, M. C. de la. (ed.), Género y desarollo: el caminho hacia la equidad. Madrid: Catarata, p. 31-54.
Moser, C. (1993) Gender Planning and Development: Theory, Practice and Training. London and New York: Routledge.
Ngo Forum on Women. (1995) Looking at the World Through Women’s Eyes. Final Report. Beijing, 30 August-8 September.
Nijeholt, G. L. à; Swiebel, J.; Vargas, V. “The Global Institutional Framework: The Long March to Beijing. In NIJEHOLT, G.; VARGAS, V.; WIERINGA, S. (eds.), Women’s Movements and Public Policy in Europe, Latin America, and the Caribbean. London and New York: Routledge, 2019, p. 44-69.
Okali, C. (2011) Searching for new pathways towards achieving gender equity: Beyond Boserup and ‘Women’s role in economic development’. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Agricultural Development Economics Division, ESA Working Paper No. 11-09.
Pacheco, G.; Guzmán, L.; Jaime, P. (1996) “Una experiencia de participación en Beijing - Programa Género y Derechos Humanos del Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humano”. In INSTITUTO INTERAMERICANO DE DERECHOS HUMANOS. Diversidad en Beijing. Una experiencia de participación. San José: Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, p. 135-177.
Paredes, J. (2018) “Descolonizar las luchas: la propuesta del Feminismo Comunitario”. Mandrágora, 24 (2), p. 145-160.
Paredes, J. (2024) “Territory Body – Body Territory”. In LIMA, L. S.; QUEZADA, E. O.; ROTH, J. (eds.). Feminisms in Movement: Theories and Practices from the Americas. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag, 2024, p. 147-158.
Paredes, J. (2011) Una sociedad en estado y con estado despatriarcalizador. Cochabamba: PNUD Bolivia, Proyecto de Fortalecimiento Democrático, FBDM - Fundación Boliviana para la Democracia Multipartidária, December.
Rai, S.M. (2011) “Gender and development: theoretical perspectives”. In VISVANATHAN et al. (eds.), The Women, Gender and Development Reader. London: Zed Books, p. 28-37.
Razavi, S.; Miller, C. (1995) From WID to GAD: Conceptual Shifts in the Women and Development Discourse. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, United Nations Development Programme.
Sandler, J. and Goetz, A. M. (2020) “Can the United Nations deliver a feminist future?” Gender & Development, 28(2), p. 239-263.
Šarčević, S. (1997) New approach to legal translation. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.
Tinker, I. (1990) Persistent Inequalities. New York: Oxford University Press.
United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). (2019) Annotated preliminary list of items to be included in the provisional agenda of the seventy-fourth regular session of the General Assembly. Seventy-fourth session, 14 June 2019, A/74/100.
United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). (1990) Implementation of the Nairobi Forward-looking Strategies for the Advancement of Women. 68th plenary meeting, 14 December 1990, A/RES/45/129.
United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). (1999c) Second Committee Summary record of the 26th meeting. Held at Headquarters, New York, on Friday, 29 October 1999, at 10 a.m. Fifty-fourth session, 21 December 1999 c, A/C.2/54/SR.26.
United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). (1997a) Sustainable development and international economic cooperation: women in development. Report of the Secretary-General, 11 September 1997a, A/52/345.
United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). (1995) Women in development. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly [on the report of the Second Committee (A/50/617/Add.6)], 20 December 1995, A/RES/50/104.
United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). (1997b) Women in development. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly [on the report of the Second Committee (A/52/628/Add.7)], 18 December 1997b, A/RES/52/195.
United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). (1999b) Women in development. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly [on the report of the Second Committee (A/54/587/Add.3)], 22 December 1999b, A/RES/54/210.
United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). (1975) World Conference of the International Women’s Year. Resolution adopted by the General Assembly, 15 December 1975, A/RES/3520 (XXX).
United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). (1994) 1994 World Survey on the Role of Women in Development. Report of the Secretary-General, 12 September 1994, A/49/378.
United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). (1999a) 1999 World Survey on the Role of Women in Development: Globalization, Gender and Work. Report of the Secretary-General, 18 August 1999a, A/54/227.
United Nations (UN). (1995a) “Annex IV - Statement by the President of the conference on the commonly understood meaning of the term ‘gender’.” In: Report of the Fourth World Conference on Women. Beijing, 4-15 September 1995a, A/CONF.177/20/Rev.1.
United Nations (UN). (1995b) Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action. Beijing, 4-15 September 1995. https://www.un.org/en/events/pastevents/pdfs/Beijing_Declaration_and_Platform_for_Action.pdf [Acesso em: 24 fev. 2024]
United Nations (UN). (1979) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by the General Assembly, 18 December 1979, 34/180.
United Nations (UN). (1976) Report of the World Conference of the International Women’s Year. Mexico City, 19 June-2 July 1975. New York: United Nations Publication, 1976, E/CONF.66/34.
United Nations (UN). (1985) Report of the World Conference to Review and Appraise the Achievements of the United Nations Decade for Women: Equality, Development and Peace. Nairobi, 15-26 July 1985. New York: United Nations Publication, 1986, A/CONF.116/28/Rev.1.
United Nations (UN). (1945) United Nations Charter. San Francisco Conference. Disponível em: https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/ [Acesso em: 24 fev. 2024]
Weiss, T.G. et al. (2009) “The ‘Third’ United Nations”, Global Governance, 15, p. 123-142.
Weiss, T.G., Carayannis, T. (2021) The 'Third' United Nations: How a Knowledge Ecology Helps the UN Think. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Young, K. (1993) Planning Development with Women: Making a World of Difference. London: Macmillan.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2025 Patrícia Nogueira Rinaldi, Roberta Silva Machado
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Os Direitos Autorais dos artigos publicados na Revista Mural Internacional pertencem ao(s) seu(s) respectivo(s) autor(es), com os direitos de primeira publicação cedidos à Revista Mural Internacional, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob uma Licença Creative Commons Atribuição, a qual permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista. Em virtude de aparecerem na Mural Internacional, o material criado por você pode ser distribuído, copiado e exibido por terceiros. O trabalho original deve ser citado e apresentar um link para o artigo disponível no site da revista em que foi publicado, de acordo com os termos da Licença Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0 Internacional adotado por esta Revista.
Este obra está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0 Internacional.
