Exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis: biomarkers, physiopathological mechanisms and therapeutic possibilities

Abstract

The term “rhabdomyolysis” means literally break or rupture of skeletal muscle tissue, its name is derived from one of its main characteristics which is the deterioration of this tissue. The rhabdomyolysis possesses a varied etiology and has been known for a long time. The interaction with many drugs is well described in the literature. Brief episodes of acute and/or severe exercise can also raise the probability of this syndrome. Besides that, recent studies show that under certain circumstances this interaction can be observed with dietary supplements, utilized in large scale by physical practitioners in general. This syndrome is normally associated with massive cell injury which can trigger paina nd eventually lead to death in some cases. The physiopathological mechanisms involved are relatively well described; however many recent studies also suggest that alterations in redox homeostasis are associated with this syndrome. However, the usage of antioxidants as a therapeutic strategy still presents controversial results. On the other hand, recent work has shown that adequate training exerts protective effects against exercise-induced cell damage promoted by the maintenance of the antioxidant state. The poor knowledge presented by Physical Education teachers deserves attention because these professionals work attending hundreds of people on a daily basis. This feature is even more problematic when a significant part of the population takes part in physical activity regimens in non-controlled conditions. So, it is necessary to recognize this syndrome in sports practice in a way that allows early intervention. Future studies are necessary for the rhabdomyolysis diagnosis, making it easier to prevent and monitor risks in physical exercise. In our lab we are evaluating biochemical parameters which could be associated with possible mechanisms influencing in this syndrome.