Transcranial direct current stimulation: the clinical application to physical performance

Abstract

Non-invasive techniques to modulate brain function have been developed, among which the transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). The present review aimed to describe the characteristics and mechanisms related to tDCS, as well as its potential clinical applications, analyzing research that investigated the relationship of this technique with neuroplasticity, physical rehabilitation and physical performance. The main mechanisms for the tDCS modulation have been related toN-methyl-D-aspartate receptors, especially with regard to the post-stimulation effects. Such effects would also be influenced by neuromodulators such as serotonin, dopamine, adrenaline, GABA and acetylcholine. Accumulated evidence suggests that tDCS can be effectively applied in the treatment of neurological disturbs as the Parkinson’s Disease, Alzheimer, depression, and cravings for drugs and food. More recent studies have examined its potential applicability as an ergogenic strategy, increasing the muscle strength during specific tasks, aerobic capacity, and decreasing the rate of perceived exertion. It has been also proposed that the tDCS mayinfluence favorably the energy expenditure andblood pressure after physical exercise.