Neonazistas Sem Fronteiras: a transnacionalização da extrema direita por meio do Black Metal Nacional Socialista | Neonazis Without Borders: the transnationalization of the far right through Black Metal Nacional-Socialista

Autores

Palavras-chave:

Extrema Direita, Transnacionalismo, Black Metal Nacional-Socialista

Resumo

Este artigo analisa a transnacionalização da extrema direita contemporânea a partir do estudo da subcultura do Black Metal Nacional-Socialista (BMNS). Argumenta-se que o BMNS funciona como uma formação grupuscular neofascista, organizada de maneira descentralizada e orientada por uma lógica metapolítica. Por meio da música, do simbolismo estético e das redes digitais, bandas como Absurd, lideradas por Hendrik Möbus, e selos como a Darker than Black Records articulam conexões internacionais, promovem a radicalização e reforçam a identidade supremacista branca. A análise mobiliza a literatura sobre transnacionalismo nas Relações Internacionais e os estudos sobre subculturas extremistas para compreender como o BMNS se constitui como uma rede ideológica transfronteiriça que opera à margem da política institucional, mas com forte capacidade de mobilização cultural e simbólica.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Referências

Abrahamsen, R.; Drolet, J.-F.; Williams, M. C.; Vucetic, S.; Narita, K.; Gheciu, A. (2024). World of the Right: Radical Conservatism and Global Order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Adams, J.; Roscigno, V. J. (2005). ‘White Supremacists, Oppositional Culture and the World Wide Web’, Social Forces, 84(2), pp. 759-778.

Antioch, Tenn. (2025). ‘Shooter Inspired by Broad Extremist Beliefs and Previous Mass Killers’, ADL Center on Extremism, p. 1, 23 jan. Disponível em: https://www.adl.org/resources/article/antioch-tenn-shooter-inspired-broad-extremist-beliefs-and-previous-mass-killer. [Acesso em: 14 fev. 2025].

Auto von nazi möbus angezündet. (2014). Linksunten Indymidia, p. 1, 21 ago. Disponível em: https://web.archive.org/web/20150227010723/https://linksunten.indymedia.org/de/node/120937. [Acesso em: 14 fev. 2025].

Barth, F. (1969). ‘Introduction’, in BARTH, F. Ethnic Groups and Boundaries. Bergen-Oslo: Universitets Forlaget, pp. 9-38.

Berger, B. (1963). ‘On the Youthfulness of Youth Cultures’, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 30(3), pp. 319-342.

Beyme, K. V. (1988). Right-wing Extremism in Western Europe.

Botsch, G. (2012). ‘From Skinhead-Subculture to Radical Right Movement: The Development of a ‘National Opposition’ in East Germany’, Contemporary European History, 21(4), pp. 553-573. DOI 10.1017/S0960777312000379. Disponível em: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/contemporary-european-history/article/abs/from-skinheadsubculture-to-radical-right-movement-the-development-of-a-national-opposition-in-east-germany/6DF0E788FECD936F51A17C005A706BC8. [Acesso em: 2 out. 2024].

Boxell, L.; Gentzkow, M.; Shapiro, J. M. (2017). ‘Is the internet causing political polarization? Evidence from demographics’, Brown University Population Studies, pp. 1-25, 28 mar.

Blazak, R. (2013). ‘Hate in the Suburbs: The Rise of the Skinhead Counterculture’, in McIntyre, L. J. The Practical Skeptic: Readings in Sociology. Mountain View, California: McGraw Hill, pp. 36-44. ISBN 0078026881.

Buesnel, R. (2020). ‘Black Metal Nacional-Socialista: a case study in the longevity of far-right ideologies in heavy metal subcultures’, Patterns of Prejudice, pp. 1-17, 24 nov.

Caiani, M.; Kröll, P. (2015). ‘The transnationalization of the extreme right and the use of the Internet’, International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 39(4), pp. 331–351.

Caldeira Neto, O. (2023). ‘O Neofascismo no Brasil, do Local ao Global?’, Esboços: Histórias Em Contextos Globais, 29(52), pp. 579–598. Recuperado de https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/esbocos/article/view/87065

Carr, B. (1998). ‘BLITZKRIEG!!!!’, Quiddity Zine, 2, p. 1. Disponível em: https://quiddityzine.tripod.com/spearof.htm. [Acesso em: 13 fev. 2025].

Carvalho, G. F. (2011). ‘Paraíso em chamas: Construção midiática do movimento Black Metal na Noruega’.

Castells, M. (1996). The Rise of the Network Society, The Information Age: economy, society and culture, vol. 1. Oxford: Blackwell.

Castells, M. (1997). The Power of Identity, The Information Age: economy, society and culture, vol. 2. Oxford: Blackwell.

Cotter, J. M. (2007). ‘Sounds of hate: White power rock and roll and the neo‐nazi skinhead subculture’, Terrorism and Political Violence, 11(2), pp. 111-140, 21 dez. DOI 10.1080/09546559908427509. Disponível em: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09546559908427509. [Acesso em: 9 out. 2024].

Deleuze, G.; Guattari, F. (1987). A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Tradução de B. Massumi. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

During, S. (1999). ‘The function of subculture’, Routledge, Nova Iorque, 2, pp. 441-450. Disponível em: http://www.stevenlaurie.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Hebdige_subculture.pdf. [Acesso em: 19 out. 2024].

Feixa, C.; Nilan, P. (2009). ‘Uma juventude global?: Identidades híbridas, mundos plurais’, Política & Trabalho: Revista de Ciências Sociais, 31, pp. 13-28.

Fine, G. A.; Kleinman, S. (1979). ‘Rethinking Subculture: An Interactionist Analysis’, University of Chicago Press, 85(1), pp. 1-20.

Fischer, J. (2022). ‘Pagan Metal Gods: The Use of Mythology and White Supremacy Black Metal Nacional-Socialista’, A Responsive Journal for Art & Architecture.

German nazi-musician confirms: I was assaulted in Copenhagen. (2019). Jelly, 25 mar. Disponível em: https://jellypages.com/breaking/german-nazi-musician-confirms-i-was-assaulted-in-copenhagen.html. [Acesso em: 14 fev. 2025].

Griffin, R. (1991). The Nature of Fascism. 1. ed. Routledge, 264 p. ISBN 1138174084.

Griffin, R. (2003). ‘From slime mould to rhizome: an introduction to the groupuscular right’, Patterns of Prejudice, 1, pp. 1-25.

Hagen, F. (2019). ‘En nationalsocialistisk black metal-festival i Kiev er meget mere end bare musik’, POV International, 12 dez. Disponível em: https://pov.international/militant-black-metal-i-denne-weekend-samles-hojreekstremister-fra-hele-verden-i-kiev/. [Acesso em: 17 out. 2024].

Hasselbach, I.; Bonengel, W. (1994). Die Abrechnung: Ein Neo steigt aus. Berlim: Aufbau, 160 p. ISBN 3351024134.

Hebdige, D. (1979). ‘The function of subculture’, in: Subculture: the meaning of style. Methuen Publishing, cap. 5, pp. 73-84. ISBN 0–415–03949–5.

Herbert, D.; Rykowski, M. (2018). Music Glocalization: Heritage and Innovation in a Digital Age. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars, 431 p.

Hillier, B. P.; Barnes, A. (2020). ‘Wolf in Sheep’s Clothing: Extreme Right-Wing Ideologies in Australian Black Metal’, IASPM Journal, 10(2), pp. 1-20, 16 jun.

Hindrichs, T. (2021). “‘One Day You Will Wish We’d Only Played Music”: Some Remarks on Recent Developments of Germany’s RechtsRock Scene’, in: SEIBT, O.; RINGSMUT, M.; WICKSTRÖM, D.-E. Made in Germany: Studies in Popular Music, Routledge, cap. 12, pp. 145-153.

Hume, T. (2024). ‘Neo-Nazi Music Shows Return To Europe’, Vice, p. 1, 12 fev. Disponível em: https://www.vice.com/en/article/neo-nazi-music-shows-return-to-europe/. [Acesso em: 10 abr. 2025].

Huntington, S. P. (1973). ‘Transnational Organizations in World Politics’, World Politics, 25(3), pp. 333-368.

Keohane, R. O.; Nye, J. S. (1971). Transnational Relations and World Politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Jaschke, H.-G. (1993). ‘Sub-Cultural Aspects of Right-Wing Extremism’, in: BERG-SCHLOSSER, D.; RYTLEWSKI, R. Political Culture in Germany, Berlim: Palgrave MacMillan, cap. 10, pp. 126-134. ISBN 0312085303.

Katchanovski, I. (2016). ‘The Far Right in Ukraine During the “Euromaidan” and the War in Donbas’, SSRN Electronic Journal, pp. 1-63, set. Disponível em: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306548367_The_Far_Right_in_Ukraine_During_the_Euromaidan_and_the_War_in_Donbas. [Acesso em: 10 abr. 2025].

Koster, W.; Houtman, D. (2008). ‘Stormfront is like a second home to me’, Information, Communication & Society, 11(8), pp. 1155–1176.

Maspero, D.; Ribaric, M. (2015). ‘Wolves Among Sheep: History and Ideology of BMNS’.

Magalhães, D. (2022). ‘Neofascismo brasileiro e suas articulações transnacionais: uma contribuição a partir das Relações Internacionais’, Esboços, 29(52), pp. 693-701.

Mendonça, F.; Bivar, V. (2024). ‘Ascensão da ultradireita na Europa’, Chutando a Escada, p. 1, 12 jun. Disponível em: https://chutandoaescada.com.br/2024/06/12/chute-347/. [Acesso em: 4 mar. 2025].

Mudde, C. (2007). Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Mudde, C. (2019). The Far Right Today.

Nilan, P. (2021). ‘The Youth Appeal of Far-Right Music Festivals’, Youth, 1, pp. 1-13, 2 nov.

Nonjon, A. (2023). Le régiment Azov: un nationalisme ukrainien en guerre. Les Éditions du Cerf, 274 p. ISBN 9782204155540.

Nye, J. S. (2009). Cooperação e conflito nas relações internacionais. São Paulo: Editora Gente.

Olson, B. H. (2008). ‘I am the Black Wizards: Multiplicity, Mysticism and Identity in Black Metal Music and Culture’.

Peel, B. (2023). Tonight It’s a World We Bury: Black Metal, Red Politics. Londres: Watkins Media Limited, 304 p.

Penteado, Ricardo Cabral. Sonic Hate: Examining Brazil’s NSBM Scene and Its Global Networks. Global Network on Extremism & Technology, 10 fev. 2025. Disponível em: https://gnet-research.org/2025/02/10/sonic-hate-examining-brazils-nsbm-scene-and-its-global-networks/. [Acesso em: 10 out. 2025].

Pisoiu, D. (2014). ‘Subcultural Theory Applied to Jihadi and Right-Wing Radicalization in Germany’, Institute for Peace Research and Security Policy, Hamburgo, pp. 1-22, 9 dez. DOI 10.1080/09546553.2014.959406. Disponível em: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09546553.2014.959406. [Acesso em: 16 out. 2024].

Puglisi, R. (2015). ‘Heroes or Villains?: Volunteer Battalions in Post-Maidan Ukraine’, Istituto Affari Internazionali, pp. 1-21. Disponível em: http://www.jstor.com/stable/resrep09840. [Acesso em: 10 abr. 2025].

Ramos, B. D. (2021). ‘Movimento de extrema-direita realiza ato pela ‘ucranização’ do Brasil no centro de SP’, Ponte, p. 1, 2 abr. Disponível em: https://ponte.org/movimento-de-extrema-direita-realiza-ato-pela-ucranizacao-do-brasil-no-centro-de-sp/. [Acesso em: 10 abr. 2025].

Reis, F. (2024). ‘Baterista ucraniano de Black Metal, Mykola "Amorth" Sostin, morre no campo de batalha’, Mundo Metal, p. 1, 7 nov. Disponível em: https://www.mundometalbr.com/baterista-ucraniano-de-black-metal-mykola-amorth-sostin-morre-em-batalha/. [Acesso em: 15 fev. 2025].

Risse-Kappen, T. (1995). Bringing Transnational Relations Back In: Non-State Actors, Domestic Structures and International Institutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Roudometof, V. (2019). ‘Cosmopolitanism, Glocalization and Youth Cultures’, Brill, pp. 1-21, 24 maio. Disponível em: https://brill.com/view/journals/yogo/1/1/article-p19_19.xml?ebody=full%20html-copy1. [Acesso em: 14 out. 2024].

Roudometof, V. (2016). WHAT is Glocalization?, in: Roudometof, V. Glocalization: A Critical Introduction. Londres: Routledge. Disponível em: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315858296/glocalization-victor-roudometof. [Acesso em: 3 out. 2024].

Sansone, L. (2003). Blackness without Ethnicity: Constructing Race in Brazil. Londres: Palgrave McMillan, 248 p.

Schmitz, H. P. (2007). Non-State Actors in World Affairs. Syracuse: Moynihan Institute.

Schneider, T. (2014). ‘Anti-Fascists rally against Shop of Neonazi Hendrik Möbus in Berlin’, Demotix, 31 out. Disponível em: https://web.archive.org/web/20150702223929/http://www.demotix.com/news/6155717/anti-fascists-rally-against-shop-neonazi-hendrik-m-bus-berlin#media-6155622. [Acesso em: 14 fev. 2025].

Schwarz, H. (1928). Gott jenseits von theismus und pantheismus. Alemanha: Junker und Dünnhaupt, 160 p.

Siegl, B. (1991). Auferstanden aus Ruinen: Rechtsextremismus in der DDR. Berlim: Edition TIAMAT, ISBN 3923118872.

Spracklen, K. (2015). ‘‘To Holmgard … and Beyond’: Folk metal fantasies and hegemonic white masculinities’, Metal Music Studies, 1(3), pp. 1-20.

Stabile, A. (2020). ‘Polícia Civil de SP investiga grupo por apologia ao nazismo’, Ponte, p. 1, 1 maio. Disponível em: https://ponte.org/policia-civil-de-sp-investiga-grupo-por-apologia-ao-nazismo/. [Acesso em: 1 abr. 2025].

Subculture. (2024). Oxford Advanced American Dictionary. Reino Unido: Oxford University Press. Disponível em: https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/subculture. [Acesso em: 29 set. 2024].

Teitelbaum, B. (2019). ‘Daniel Friberg and Metapolitics in Action’, in: Sedgwick, M. (ed.) Key Thinkers of the Radical Right: Behind the New Threat to Liberal Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 259–276.

Teitelbaum, B. (2014). ‘"The Path of Dreams”: Breivik, Music, and Neo-Nazi Skinheadism’, NMH Brage, pp. 1-20.

Weiss, M. C. (2019). ‘The Russians and Ukrainians Translating the Christchurch Shooter’s Manifesto’, Bellingcat, 14 ago. Disponível em: https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2019/08/14/the-russians-and-ukrainians-translating-the-christchurch-shooters-manifesto/. [Acesso em: 12 abr. 2025].

Vikernes, V. (2025). ‘A new 'Should I even consider buying ReconQuest?' form just dropped’, X, @BornLik23266, 2 abr. Disponível em: https://x.com/BornLik23266/status/1907428791603093832. [Acesso em: 1 abr. 2025].

Williams, J. F. (2018). ‘Burke, Black Metal, and the Golden Dawn: Deconstructing the Dangerous Appeal of Black Metal Nacional-Socialista’, Present Tense, 7(1), pp. 1-8.

Willmott, P. (1969). Adolescent Boys of East London. Londres: Penguin, 232 p. ISBN 0140210245.

Yanks, T. (2025). ‘Trying to get into BMNS’, X, @4SkinGump, 18 mar. Disponível em: https://x.com/4SkinGump/status/1901924817089024489/photo/1. [Acesso em: 1 abr. 2025.]

Yinger, J. M. (1960). ‘Contraculture and Subculture’, American Sociological Review, 25(5), pp. 625-635, out. DOI 10.2307/2090136. Disponível em: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2090136?origin=JSTOR-pdf. [Acesso em: 10 out. 2024]

Downloads

Publicado

27-11-2025

Como Citar

MAGALHÃES, David; BLAYA FERNANDES DE MELLO, Pedro. Neonazistas Sem Fronteiras: a transnacionalização da extrema direita por meio do Black Metal Nacional Socialista | Neonazis Without Borders: the transnationalization of the far right through Black Metal Nacional-Socialista. Mural Internacional, Rio de Janeiro, v. 16, p. e91129, 2025. Disponível em: https://www.e-publicacoes.uerj.br/muralinternacional/article/view/91129. Acesso em: 30 nov. 2025.

Edição

Seção

DOSSIÊ | DOSSIER CULTURA RI