Estimation of the Carbon Biomass Stored in the Forest Ecosystem of the Billings Reservoir-SP

Resumo: O aquecimento global tornou-se preocupação internacional, culminando com a ratificação do Protocolo de Quioto, onde constam as definições e os objetivos dos mecanismos de desenvolvimento sustentável e possui procedimentos flexibilizadores, facilitando aos países industrializados compensar em conjunto suas emissões poluentes de gases do efeito estufa. São Paulo é um estado conhecido pelo desenvolvimento industrial e descaracterização das áreas verdes dos ecossistemas associados ao bioma Mata Atlântica. Frente a este cenário caótico está à represa Billings em São Bernardo do Campo-SP, seu ecossistema florestal é prestador de uma série de serviços ambientais. A quantificação da biomassa (Bmadeira) do fuste resultou em estimativas de 113,73 t.ha-1, o que correspondeu a 56,87 tC.ha-1. As estimativas obtidas para o ecossistema florestal da represa podem ser usadas como referência para o estabelecimento de projetos de restauração florestal, no âmbito do mecanismo de desenvolvimento sustentável, estabelecido no Protocolo de Quioto. Palavras-chave: Serviço Ambiental, Mata Atlântica, inventário Florestal, dendrometria. Abstract: Global warming has become international concern, culminating with the ratification of the Kyoto Protocol which includes definitions and objectives of the sustainable development mechanisms and features that make it easier for the industrialized countries to jointly compensate for their polluting greenhouse gas emissions. São Paulo is a state known for its industrial development and distortion of the green areas in ecosystems associated with the Atlantic Forest biome. In the middle of this chaotic scenery lies the Billings reservoir in São Bernardo do Campo-SP, its forest ecosystem is the provider of numerous environmental services. Quantification of biomass (Bwood) of stems resulted in estimates of 113.73.ha-1, which corresponded to 56.87 tC.ha-1. The estimates obtained for the forest ecosystem of the reservoir can be used as a reference for the establishment of forest restoration projects under the under the sustainable development mechanism established the Kyoto Protocol.

According to RODRIGUES et al., (2017), in addition to this important set of forest ecosystems, the Atlantic Forest also covers other associated ecosystems such as mangroves, restingas, mixed Araucarias forestry and the altitude fields.
The biome stretched by more than 90% of the total area of the state of São Paulo, according to the annual balance sheet presented by the non-governmental organization SOS MATA ATLÂNTICA (2015), until the end of the 1990's, approximately 15% of the area of this territory was still covered by native vegetation. The report of the institution demonstrates that the historical process of anthropic intervention has been happening since the discovery Estimación de La Biomasa de Carbono Almacenada en el Ecosistema Forestal del Embalse de Billings-SP Resumen: El calentamiento global se ha convertido en preocupación internacional, culminando con la ratificación del Protocolo de Kioto, donde constan las definiciones y los objetivos de los mecanismos de desarrollo sostenible y tiene procedimientos flexibilizadores, facilitando a los países industrializados compensar conjuntamente sus emisiones contaminantes de gases de efecto invernadero. São Paulo es un estado conocido por el desarrollo industrial y descaracterización de las áreas verdes de los ecosistemas asociados al bioma Mata Atlántica. Frente a este escenario caótico está a la represa Billings en São Bernardo do Campo-SP, su ecosistema forestal es prestador de una serie de servicios ambientales. La cuantificación de labiomasa (Bmadeira) del fuste resultó en estimaciones de 113,73 t.ha-1, lo que correspondió a 56,87 tC.ha-1. Las estimaciones obtenidas para el ecosistema forestal de la represa pueden ser usadas como referencia para el establecimiento de proyectos de restauración forestal, en el marco del mecanismo de desarrollo sostenible, establecido en el Protocolo de Kioto. Palabras clave: Servicio Ambiental, Mata Atlántica, inventario Forestal, dendrometría.
of Brazil and has been expanding over the centuries, due to some activities of economic development, such as exploitation of timber, agricultural and industrial activities. Another factor associated with the loss of vegetation is the unplanned urban growth, which in Brazil occurs mainly in areas that are covered by the biome (SOS Mata Atlântica, 2015).
According to INPE (2018)   The city São Bernardo do Campo has a warm climate and temperate climate. There is significant rainfall throughout the year, even the driest month there is plenty of rainfall.
According to the Köppen Geiger and the climate is classified as Cfb (LUCHIARI et al., 2012). In São Bernardo do Campo, the average temperature is 17.8°C, the average annual rainfall is 1524 mm. The difference between the precipitation of the driest month and the rainiest is 190 mm.
Throughout the year the average temperatures vary 6.5 °C. The hottest month of the year is Estimation of the Carbon Biomass Stored in the Forest Ecosystem of the Billings Reservoir-SP February with an average temperature of 20.9°C. July has an average temperature of 14.4°C, this was the lowest mean temperature, precipitation in the month of July is 44 mm, this being the driest month. The wettest month was January, with an average of 234 mm.
The forest fragment located in the Taquacetuba  S 2 = variance of the parameter evaluated; x -= average E = Error (10%) and X=Average of the parameter evaluated.
The following are defined the symbols to identify the variables of the Community: The Vt=0.00007423×DAP 1.707348 ×Ht 1.16873 (2) Where: Vt= total volume of the bole; DAP = 1.30 m above the ground; Ht = total height of each stem.
The estimate of the bole biomass was performed using the non-destructive method, depending on the impossibility of using the destructive method, due to restrictions of legal orders and operational. Thus, it was evaluated only the biomass of the stem and not other forest compartments, such as branches, leaves, bark and lianas.
The indirect method for quantification of biomass is based on the use of empirical relationships between biomass and other variables in the tree (DBH, total height etc.) (CETEC, 1995), these relations expressed by means of statistical models . One needs to be cautious with its implementation, in order to avoid significant error in the calculation of biomass: a careful analysis of the situations of field (ex. hollow trees) and the sample is representative of the area (SILVA et al., 2013). This method is often considered a more accurate alternative than the direct method, since in the latter, the information obtained usually come from parcels of small size, in a small number and selected intentionally, usually in areas that are more representative of the whole (BROWN et al., 1989). Such conduct could introduce errors of biased estimates, which may lead to over-or underestimation of the average biomass of the forest evaluated.
Considering the use of non-destructive method, we performed the selection of species with secondary xylem in the area (CETEC, 1995).  The rate of bifurcation of the community forestry analyzed was 12.48%, while the bifurcation may be associated with adverse environmental impacts as the insolation and damage the structure of trees (SILVA et al., 2013;SANTOS & VALCARCEL, 2011), the bifurcation can also be associated with sunshine and fires, however, the species that contributed most to the rate of bifurcation was Clusia criuva Cambess., which has naturally high rates of bifurcation, a characteristic auto-ecological of the representatives of the family Clusiaceae.
From the diametric structure drafted, it was found that the community forestry ( Figure 2) showed a tendency to a J-inverted, as, the higher number of individuals found in the smallest diameter classes, which is a typical behavior of multianeforests .   Of the 69 species selected, the most representative in biomass (m 3 ) was Tibouchina mutabilis, which alone represents about 33% of biomass in the forest community analyzed.  In general it is noticeable that the results found for estimates of wood biomass (B) and carbon stored above ground in the Amazon Biome, provided higher values for this study, as well as for the study by RIBEIRO et al. (2009), both in the Atlantic Forest biome, but in general the great abundance and frequency of species Cyathe acf. Corcovadensis and Euterpe edulis, which do not have secondary xylem may have contributed negatively to the values of biomass and carbon storage found in this study, suggesting that the values mentioned, are still higher than those described here, however the forest ecosystem of the Billings reservoir has proven to be extremely helpful in the carbon sequestration and storage, benefiting the society and the environment.
For carbon credits to be credible, three technical tasks must be fulfilled: biomass estimation of the forest ecosystem, management of large amounts of spatial data and assessment of forest degradation (HAJEK et al., 2011). The Estimation of carbon stock in the forest ecosystem of the Billings reservoir has met all these criteria can be used as a reference for the establishment of projects of restoration/reforestation projects under the sustainable development mechanism, agreed upon in the Kyoto Protocol, and generate the so-called carbon credits.
The estimate of the carbon stock can be used as a reference for the establishment of projects of restoration/reforestation projects under the sustainable development mechanism, agreed upon in the Kyoto Protocol, and generate the so-called carbon credits. As the Atlantic Forest is a hotspot of biodiversity, many are the actions of forest restoration carried out in its ecosystems, therefore a biome of priority to conservation and environmental preservation, the recovery of degraded areas becomes relevant to have the proper generation of environmental services, the fragment in question must be the focus of actions that maximize the succession and the conservation of biodiversity, which could be liable for the establishment of carbon projects. Carbon stock estimation can be used as a reference for the establishment of degraded area recovery projects under the sustainable development mechanism established in the Kyoto Protocol and to generate so-called carbon credits. The importance of this is highlighted for the Atlantic Forest, due to the large number of degraded areas that this biome possesses, which could be establishment of carbon projects.