Doses of organic substrate in the production of red chili pepper seedlings

Organic matter influences the plant performance, mainly on early stages of the plant development. The aim of this work was to assess manure doses influence on the germination potential of red pepper seeds. The research was carried out in greenhouse at Unidade Experimental de Pesquisa e Extensão (UEPE) of Instituto Federal do Ceará, located in Chapada do Apodi, Limoeiro do Norte Ceará, geographic coordinates 5°10’ S, 38°00’ W, and altitude of 145,9 m. The experimental design was completely randomized, the treatments were composed by manure (M) and soil proportions (S) (%): 0M-100S, 25M-75S, 50M-50S, 75M-25S and 100M-0S, respectively. The variables assessed were Emergence Speed Index (ESI), Viability Rate (%VR), Post-Emergence Rate of Abortion (%PEA), Global Germination (%GG), Seedling Height (SH) (cm), Root Depth (RD) (cm), Aerial Length (AL) (cm), Number of Leaves (NL), Fresh Weight (FW) (g) and Dry Weight (DW) (g).


INTRODUCTION
Red pepper is highly nutritional and has pharmacological and anti oxidizing action.In Brazil the cultivation of red pepper is carried out in short scale production, the packing and commercialization are mainly dependent on family farming.So, it denotes an opportunity to increase its cultivation given the enlarging demand by this condiment, which remains around 80 million reais per year.The consumption of red pepper goes through the entire world because of its flavor.In supermarkets, it is available as pepperoni and paprika.
Knowing the physiological maturity, determining the point of maturation, describing the phenological cycle, determining its productivity which occurs when the maximum dry matter content concurs with the highest vigor of the seed, combined with good environmental and growing conditions (temperature, humidity, irrigation, soil fertility, etc.) that are information on demand that stops the companies of expanding off pepper agribusiness in the country, beyond the labor demand.
So to know which are the best cultivation techniques for this culture and which are most suitable for each region is important to increase the cultivation of red pepper.Thus, it is a common practice to make substrates for propagation of various cultures adding corral tanned Dosis de sustrato orgánico en la producción de plántines de pimienta roja Resumen: La materia orgánica influye en el desarrollo de las plantas, especialmente en las primeras etapas de su desarrollo.El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia de estiércol en el potencial de germinación de las semillas de pimienta.manure in order to enrich the soil.However, the manure tends to reduce germination.This happens because of the misbalance in the soil fertility, due to the low carbon nitrogen ratio.
And it raises the carbon demand rather than the nitrogen demand, which may be harmful to the plantlets.As well as according to Mendes et al. (2006cited by ARAUJO, JOAQUIM & BARJA 2012), germination and early development of the seedlings may be affected by the composition of any substrate, which must be formulated according to the requirements of the seeds in relation to its size and shape.
Among the variables to be evaluated for the production of quality seeds for establishment and to minimize their deterioration in the field, the ones that deserve more attention are the maturation point of the fruits according to Pereira et. al (2014), who observed the most suitable maturation point was at 45 days after anthesis, with a rest period of 10 days before seed withdrawal.
The organic nitrogen fertilization is utilized as an alternative for agriculture.It improves greatly the physical and biological soil conditions that in turn of the action of the soil microorganisms that provides nutrients as they are demanded in soil exchange complex.Various types of organic materials may be incremented to the soil such as castor bean, chicken litter, cattle manure, pig manure, sheep manure, vinasse, dairy industry waste etc.
Compared with manure 3.1%, in terms of nitrogen (N), vinasse has around 0.5% of N.
However, rich nitrogen materials tend to interfere with the initial development of plants.By working with vinasse application, among other products like sunflower, castor beans and peanuts, it presented interference on the index emergence speed, final emergence, first count emergence, aerial length and dry aerial biomass of sunflower and peanuts (RAMOS et al. 2008).
By working with castor bean, Oliveira et al. (2009) observed that the pH-corrected sewage sludge performed better and two soil types treated without sludge had lower root volume.Organic products industrialized have been widely used to increase the efficiency of production, the release efficiency of organic fertilizer nutrients, etc. (WAGNER JUNIOR et al.

2006).
Working with shading levels with Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd.Ex Spreng.),Smith et al. ( 2007) found for shading recommendation in early development, for providing better mass allocation performance to aerial, height, diameter and number of leaves.
Doses of organic substrate in the production of red chili pepper seedlings The aim of this paper was to assess the influence of manure doses on the potential emergence of red pepper seeds.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The  The total height (cm), the root depth (cm) and the aerial length (cm) were measured.The number of leaves was counted in addition to the measurement of the mean of fresh and dry weight (g) of six seedlings.
The data analysis was done on Assistat Statistical Assistance Software 7.7 beta edition at 5% of probability, the mean differences by Scott-Knott test, and the normality data test was done by Shapiro-Wilk test.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Figure 1 shows the emergence rate of seeds for such treatments.It was found that the higher speed emergence occurred in the treatment 100M-0S with ESI = 0.786, the lower with ESI = 0.105 and the average speed emergence with ESI = 0.571.Doses of organic substrate in the production of red chili pepper seedlings Figure 2 shows the viability for seeds due treatments.It was found that the higher emergence rate 84% occurred in treatment 100M-0S; the lowest rate 14% in treatment 0M-100S, and the average germination rate was 62%. Figure 3 shows data about post-emergence abortion of seeds due to such a treatment.
The greater post-emergence abortion (34%) occurred at the treatment 0M-100S; the lower postemergence abortion of seedlings (0%), at the treatment 100M-0S; and the average postemergence abortion kept around 6% to treatments 50M-50S and 75M-25S.Table 1 shows the results of F test from Analysis of variance and the variation coefficient of the seedling height, root depth and aerial length characteristics of the seedlings and the average differences in Scott-Knott test to seedling height, root depth and aerial length.About seedling height and root depth the treatments, except 0M-100S, were all statistically equal, with seedling height higher averages between 7 cm and 8 cm and root depth higher values around 4.5 cm and 5.5 cm.About aerial length, 3.45 cm was the same and higher averages to treatments 100M-0S and 75M-25S.Doses of organic substrate in the production of red chili pepper seedlings Figure 5 presents the equations to fresh and dry mass and water content according to the doses of manure.The fresh mass presented determination coefficient (R²) of 0.9635; dry mass, 0.9709 and water content, 0.8954.The equations show a very similar behavior since the minor dose of manure fresh and dry mass and water content stayed between 0 and 0.05 g; and at the major manure dose fresh mass was 0.22g and average 0.19g, dry mass, 0.06g and average 0.06g and water content, 0.17g and average 0.13g.Working with Capsicum baccatum L. var.pendulum germination and irrigation with treated domestic wastewater and proportions of potable water, Oliveira et al. (2012) found the best germination between 60% and 65%, respectively, 100% treated domestic wastewater + 0 % potable water and 75% treated domestic wastewater + 25% potable water.
The rate of tomato seed germination was lower when substrate composition rose from 20% to 40% in the organic compound content produced in the fermentation yard.But, when the compound was produced directly in the ground there was no difference.The maximum germination (97.45%) occurred when the composition of the substrate, the organic compound content was (10%) for the compound produced on the ground and a minimum (82.41%) when the proportion of the compound to the substrate (40%) was produced in soil.The compound produced in the fermentation yard, the maximum germination (95.14%) occurred when the substrate contained 0%-compound and the minimum (48.84%) when the proportion of the compound to the substrate was 40% (Pereira, 2013).
In  Oliveira et al. (2012) found the major seedling height at 17 DAS of 6.57 cm in treatment 100% treated domestic wastewater + 0% potable water; and the number of leaves, according to these authors, was 3.6 in treatment 75% treated domestic sewage wastewater + 25% potable water.
Dry mass of the eggplant canopy in the treatment earthworm humus and in the treatment coconut fiber + organic compound 1:1 was the same 0.57g; about dry mass of red pepper in treatment earthworm humus and in treatment organic compound were respectively 0,32g and 0,29g (OLIVEIRA et al. 2006).About root dry mass of eggplant, these authors observed the major mass, 0.33g, in the treatment coconut fiber + organic compound 1:1 and to root dry Doses of organic substrate in the production of red chili pepper seedlings In Brazil, 25 species of the genus Capsicum are present, but only five are grown.The others 20 species are wild or semi domesticated.The cultivated ones are Capsicum baccatum var.pendulum, C. annuum, C. chinense, C. frutescens and C. pubescens.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Percentage of abortion of seedlings after germination.Source: Authors.

Figure 4
Figure4shows global germination including aborted seedlings.Considering there was no abortion in the treatment 100M-0S, the higher percentage of germination kept 84%; instead of treatment 0M-100S with 48% germination due to the greatest percentage of abortion did not promote the fewer

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Percentage of germination including viable and aborted seedling.Source: Authors.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Percentage of abortion of plants after germination.Source: Authors.
La investigación se logró en un invernadero a la Unidade Experimental de Pesquisa e Extensão (UEPE) del Instituto Federal do Ceará, situado en la Chapada do Apodi, Limoeiro do Norte -Ceará, coordenadas 5°10' experiment conducted in a greenhouse in Unidade Experimental de Pesquisa e Extensão of Instituto Federal do Ceará, Campus Limoeiro do Norte, in Chapada do Apodi, with coordinates 5°10' latitude south, 38° 00' longitude west, and altitude of 145.9 m.In Köppen classification, the climate is BSw'h', i.e., dry and very hot, with annual rainfall of 822.4 mm, with two seasons: dry, which runs from June to January, and, usually, rainy season, from February to May.
The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design (CRD), with five treatments and with 50 replications, totalizing 250 seedlings in the useful area.The treatments consisted of soil and manure mixture in the proportions (%) Manure-Soil: 0M-100S; 25M-75S; 50M-50S; 75M-25S; and 100M-0S.Soil from a Red Cambisol and cattle manure was used to compose the substrate.The substrates were sieved, measured with a container of knownvolume in the mentioned proportions, and then mixed.So, trays for germination with capacity of 50 cells (10 x 5) were fulfilled with the substrates, and watered, so the seeds were sown with one seed per cell.To calculate the Emergence Speed Index (ESI), suggested by Maguire (1962) at 7, 11, 14 and 28 days after sowing (DAS), it was used the formula (1) in what, NES: sum of Number of Emerged Seeds from i th to n th day after emergence; TNST: Total Number of Seeds per Treatment.The Viability Rate (%VR) was calculated at the end of the experiment at 28 DAS, by the formula (2).And Post-Emergence percentage of Abortion (%PEA) was calculated by the formula (3) and Global Germination (%GG), including dead and alive seedlings by the formula (4).Exploratory tests were performed on substrate 'soil'.

Table 1 -
Analysis of variance summary in (cm) of the seedling height, root depth and aerial length and Scott-Knott Test F -F-test; MS -mean square; *significant at 5%; **significant at 1%; M -manure; S -sand..
Charlo et al. (2006)ination of native species of the Cerrado,Mimosa and Aricá, Maas   et.al (2011)used various concentrations of commercial substrate, fine vermiculite and biosolids obtained from a sewage treatment station, and it was observed that the higher germination rate, 93%, was achieved by Angico seed in the substrate composed by 100% of biosolids and the lower, 63%, for the substrate 20% biosolids + 80% fine vermiculite; to the species Aricá, the highest germination index was 25% to the substrate 80% commercial substrate + 20% biosolids and lowest was 1% at 100% biosolids substrate.Hat) presented, respectively, germination rate of 93%, 88%, 84%, 34%, 25%, 5% and 0%, 30 days after planting (DAP).Using substrates composed only of land and soil as treatmentsCharlo et al. (2006)obtained to Archontophoenix alexandrae germination rate of 72.5% and 75%, respectively.Unlike that obtained for the treatment with treatment 'soil only' of this research, which was obtained merely 10% of emergence.This may have occurred because of the high density of the substrate (Cambisol) have barred the germination of the pepper seeds.