Nacionalismo na Índia de Narendra Modi e do Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) | Narendra Modi, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Nationalism in India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12957/rmi.2021.60103Palavras-chave:
Índia, nacionalismo, Modi, BJPResumo
O artigo analisa peculiaridades significativas do governo Modi dentre os nacionalismos "de direita". Elementos tradicionais indianos sustentam personalismo e chauvinismo religioso. Medidas de liberalização econômica se mesclam com estratégias estatais de desenvolvimento, como desde os anos 1990, com ênfase em setores de alta tecnologia. Leis agrícolas para modernizar a atividade rural encontram forte reação de milhões de agricultores que se sentem ameaçados. Reformas na tributação e no sistema monetário buscam fortalecer o Estado e concentrar poder no governo central. A política externa mantém orientações tradicionais para transformar a Índia em potência global. Modi cultiva a imagem de líder forte e capaz de estabelecer políticas assertivas em disputas com a China, mas preserva as relações com Pequim. Diversificação de parcerias e negociação de acordos comerciais procuram fortalecer a autonomia nacional e reforçam a concepção de soberania como valor que acompanha historicamente o desejo de modernização produtiva.
Palavras-chave: nacionalismo hindu; Narendra Modi, BJP.
ABSTRACT
The article analyzes the expressive peculiarities of Modi's administration among "right-wing" nationalisms. Traditional Indian elements underpin personalism and religious chauvinism. Since the 1990s, economic liberalization measures have been intertwined with state development strategies, emphasizing high-tech sectors. Agricultural legislation to modernize rural activity has faced strong reactions from millions of farmers. Tax and monetary system reforms seek to strengthen the state and concentrate power in the central government. The foreign policy maintains traditional guidelines to morph India into a global power. Modi cultivates the image of a strong leader capable of establishing strategies in disputes with China while preserving relations with Beijing. Diversification of partnerships and negotiation of trade agreements aim to highlight national autonomy and the concept of sovereignty as a value that historically accompanies the desire for productive modernization.
Key-words: Hindu nationalism; Narendra Modi; BJP.
Recebido em: 30 mai. 2021 | Aceito em: 02 dez. 2021.
Referências
Abraham, I. (2014). How India became territorial: foreign policy, diaspora, geopolitics. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Aiyar, S. S. A. (2020). ‘Despite Modi, India Has Not become a Hindu Authoritarian State.’ Cato Institute, (903), pp. 1-26.
Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined communities: reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. London: Verso.
Aron, S. (2021). Satya Pal Malik interview: Was ready to quit post to raise issues of farmers. The Hindustan Times, 21 Nov. Disponível em: https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/satya-pal-malik-interview-was-ready-to-quit-post-to-raise-issues-of-farmers-101637428106886.html Acesso em: 30 de novembro 2021
Ashique, A.T. (2021). The Indian Farmers’ Movement Has Shattered Narendra Modi’s Strongman Image. Jacobin Magazine, 19 novembro. Disponível em: https://jacobinmag.com/2021/11/indian-farmers-movement-neoliberal-farm-bills-modi-bjp [Acesso em: 29 novembro 2021]
Awasthi, S. (2018). ‘These five Indian laws owe their origin to British, but are still in practice’. The Indian Express, 11 agosto. Disponível em: https://indianexpress.com/article/research/these-five-indian-laws-owe-their-origin-to-british-but-are-still-in-practice-4789251/ [Acesso em: 26 abril 2021].
Bhardwaj, M., e Kumar, M. (2020). ‘Sikh diaspora drums up global support for farmers' protest in India.’ Reuters, 18 dezembro. Disponível em: https://www.reuters.com/article/india-farms-protests-diaspora-idUSKBN28S0Y6 [Acesso em: 29 novembro de 2021].
Bhatt, C. (2001) Hindu nationalism: origins, ideologies, and modern myths. Oxford: Berg.
Bose, S. (2018) Secular states, religious politics: India, Turkey, and the future of secularism. Cambridge, Reino Unido: Cambridge University Press
Carvalho, C. E.; Daldegan, W.; Godoy, L. P. C.; Gomes, N. F. (2015). 'O Banco e o Arranjo de Reservas do BRICS: iniciativas relevantes para o alargamento da ordem monetária e financeira internacional', Estudos Internacionais, 3(1), 45-70. Disponível em: http://periodicos.pucminas.br/index.php/estudosinternacionais/article/view/10062
Carvalho, C. E.; Gabriel, J. P. N. (2017). 'A reforma monetária de Narendra Modi'. Valor Econômico https://valor.globo.com/opiniao/coluna/a-reforma-monetaria-de-narendra-modi.ghtml.
Carvalho, C. E.; Gabriel, J. P. N., Artioli, M. (2019). 'Fiscal federalism, currency, and banking of the poorest for sustainable and inclusive development: a research agenda for India and Brazil'. In: Brazil-India Relations: Beyond the 70 Years. Brasília: Funag.
Chakrabarty, B., e Jha, B. K. (2020). Hindu nationalism in India: ideology and politics. Abingdon: Routledge.
Chowdhury, D. R. (2021). ‘Is India headed for an Anti-Muslim genocide?’ Time, 04 outubro. Disponível em: https://time.com/6103284/india-hindu-supremacy-extremism-genocide-bjp-modi/. [Acesso em: 29 novembro 2021].
‘Commonwealth Games Scam.’ (2020) Times of India. 7 fevereiro. Disponível em: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/miscellaneous/commonwealth-games-scam/articleshow/56032112.cms. [Acesso em: 31 outubro 2021].
Dalal, R. (2014) Hinduism: an alphabetical guide. 2a ed. New Delhi: Penguin.
Daldegan, W.; Carvalho, C. E. (2021a) 'Na Cúpula dos Brics, sucesso da Índia'. Valor Econômico, https://valor.globo.com/opiniao/coluna/na-cupula-dos-brics-sucesso-da-india.ghtml.
Daldegan, W.; Carvalho, C. E. (2021b) 'The status of the BRICS, 20 years later.' e-International Relations, Opinion, 2021/11/18, https://www.e-ir.info/2021/11/18/opinion-the-status-of-the-brics-20-years-later
Dow Jones Newswires. (2021). ‘Índia revogará leis agrícolas após fortes protestos de produtores.’ Valor Econômico, 19 novembro. Disponível em: https://valor.globo.com/agronegocios/noticia/2021/11/19/india-revogara-leis-agricolas-apos-fortes-protestos-de-produtores.ghtml [Acesso em: 29 Novembro 2021].
Ellis-Petersen, H. (2020). ‘Nationwide farmers' strike shuts down large parts of India.’ The Guardian, 08 dezembro. Acesso em: 30 abril 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/08/nationwide-farmers-strike-shuts-down-large-parts-of-india.
Gabriel, J. P. N. (2019). O lobby indo-americano no Congresso Americano e o Acordo Nuclear Civil de 2008. Dissertação de Mestrado. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais (UNESP/UNICAMP/PUC-SP).
Gabriel, J. P. N.; Carvalho, C. E. (2015). 'A Índia, o NBD e o ACR do BRICS: percepções e interesses'. Revista Paranaense de Desenvolvimento, 36 (129), 53-69.
Gabriel, J. P. N.; Carvalho, C. E. (2017). 'A reforma tributária de Modi'. Valor Econômico. https://valor.globo.com/opiniao/coluna/a-reforma-tributaria-de-modi.ghtml.
Gabriel, J. P. N.; Carvalho, C. E. (2020). 'Índia mira além da pandemia'. Valor Econômico. https://valor.globo.com/opiniao/coluna/india-mira-alem-da-pandemia.ghtml.
Gabriel, J. P. N.; Mandelbaum, H. G.; Carvalho, C. E. (2020). ‘The Quad: One More ‘Minilateral’ Initiative, not an Embryonic Military Alliance in the Indo-Pacific Region’, Carta Internacional, 15(2), 52-82.
Ganguly, S. (2019). ‘India Under Modi: Threats to Pluralism.’ Journal of Democracy, 30(1), pp. 83-90.
Goel, V., e Gettleman, J. (2020). Under Modi, India’s Press Is Not So Free Anymore’. The New York Times, 2.
Hall, I. (2017). ‘Narendra Modi and India's normative power’. International Affairs, 93(1), pp. 113-131.
Hansen, T. B. (2019). ‘Democracy against the law: reflections on India’s illiberal democracy.’ In Chatterji, A. P., Hansen, T. B., E Jaffrelot, C. (eds.), Majoritarian State: how Hindu nationalism is changing India. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 19-40.
Ikenberry, G. J. (2017). ‘The Plot Against American Foreign Policy: Can the Liberal Order Survive?’ Foreign Affairs, 96(3), pp. 2-9.
Jaffrelot, C. (1996). The Hindu nationalist movement and Indian politics – 1925 to the 1990s: strategies of identity-building, implantation and mobilisation (with special reference to Central India). London: Hurst.
Jaffrelot, C. (2016). ‘The Hindu nationalist strategy of stigmatisation and emulation of ‘threatening Others’: an Indian style fascism?’’ In L. König E B. Chaudhuri (eds.), Politics of the ‘Other’ in India and China: Western concepts in non-Western contexts. Abingdon: Routledge.
Jaffrelot, C. (2019) ‘A de facto ethnic democracy? Obliterating and targeting the other, Hindu vigilantes, and the ethno-state’. In A. P. Chatterji, T. B. Hansen E C. Jaffrelot (eds.), Majoritarian state: how Hindu nationalism is changing India. New York: Oxford University Press.
Jaffrelot, C. (2021). Modi’s India: Hindu nationalism and the rise of ethnic democracy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Jaffrelot, C. (ed.). (2007) Hindu nationalism: a reader. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Jaffrey, S. (2021). ‘Right wing populism and vigilante violence in Asia.’ Studies in Comparative International Development, 56, pp. 223–249.
Jaishankar, S. (2020). The India way: strategies for an uncertain world. Noida: HarperCollins.
Jha, S. (2014). ‘Challenges in the history of colours: The case of saffron’. Indian Economic Social History Review, 51(2), pp. 199-229.
Kanungo, R. P., Rowley, C., and Banerjee, A. N. (eds.). (2018). Changing the Indian economy: renewal, reform and revival. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Khan, Z. A. (2020). Development in Indo-Israel Defence Relations Since 9/11: Pakistan’s Security Concern and Policy Options. South Asian Studies, 26(1), pp. 131-151.
Kingston, J. (2017) Nationalism in Asia: a history since 1945. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
Krasner, S. D. (1985). Structural conflict: the Third World against global liberalism (Vol. 12). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kumar, R. (2002). ‘India: a ‘nation-state’ or ‘civilization-state’?’ South Asia, 25(2), pp. 13–42.
Kumar, V. (2016). ‘Chopper scam: Long-drawn legal battle ahead.’ The Hindu, 13 junho. Disponível em: https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chopper-scam-longdrawn-legal-battle-ahead/article4428630.ece. [Acesso em: 31 outubro 2021].
Kumaraswamy, P. R. (2018). ‘Reading Modi’s visit to Israel.’ India Quarterly, 74(1), 1–16.
Leslie, J. G. (2017). ‘Netanyahu’s populism: An overlooked explanation for Israeli foreign policy.’ SAIS Review of International Affairs, 37(1), pp. 75-82.
Luo, Z., e Przeworski, A. (2019). ‘Democracy and its vulnerabilities: Dynamics of democratic backsliding.’ SSRN. Disponível em: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3469373. [Acesso em 2 setembro 2021].
Maçães, B. (2020). ‘The attack of the civilization-state.’ Noema, 15 junho. Disponível em: https://www.noemamag.com/the-attack-of-the-civilization-state/ [Acesso em: 30 outubro 2021].
Miller, M. C. (2018). ‘India’s Authoritarian Streak: What Modi Risks with His Divisive Populism.’ Foreign Affairs. Disponível em: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/india/2018-05-30/indias-authoritarian-streak. [Acesso em: 05 maio 2021].
Miller, M. C.; Estrada, K. S. (2017). ‘Pragmatism in Indian foreign policy: How ideas constrain Modi.’ International Affairs 93.1: 27-49.
Moffitt, B. (2016). The global rise of populism. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Neo, J. L., & Son, B. N. (2019). ‘Pluralist Constitutions and the Southeast Asian context.’ In J. L. Neo, E B. N. Son (eds.), Pluralist Constitutions in Southeast Asia. Oxford: Hart, pp. 1-23.
Ningthoujam, A. (2021). ‘India-Israel ties: New opportunities in the Middle East.’ The Diplomat, 22 de outubro. Disponível em: https://thediplomat.com/2021/10/india-israel-ties-new-opportunities-in-the-middle-east/ [Acesso em: 28 novembro 2021].
Pande, A. (2017). From Chanakya to Modi: evolution of India's foreign policy. Noida: HarperCollins.
Pant, H. V. (2020). ‘India and the Middle East: a re-assessment of priorities?’ In Pant, H. V. (ed.), Indian foreign policy in a unipolar world. 2a ed. New Delhi: Routledge, pp. 251-276.
Pillai, S.; Lindberg, S. I. (2021). ‘Democracy broken down: India.’ In Lindberg, S. I. (ed.), Autocratization turns viral: democracy report 2021. Gothemburg: V-Dem Institute, pp. 20-21.
Plagemann, J., e Destradi, S. (2019). ‘Populism and foreign policy: the case of India’. Foreign Policy Analysis, 15(2), 283-301.
Prates, D. M., e Cintra, M. A. M. (2009). ‘Índia – A estratégia de desenvolvimento – Da independência aos dilemas da primeira década do século XXI.’ In Cardoso Júnior J. C., Acioly, L., E Matijascic, M. (eds.), Trajetórias recentes de desenvolvimento: estudos de desenvolvimento de experiências selecionadas. Brasília: IPEA, pp. 397-453.
Rachman, G. (2019). ‘China, India and the rise of the ‘civilisation state’.’ Financial Times, 04 março. Disponível em: https://www.ft.com/content/b6bc9ac2-3e5b-11e9-9bee-efab61506f44 [Acesso em: 30 outubro 2021].
Rai, D. (2020). ‘Right to freedom of religion: Articles 25-28 of the Indian Constitution.’ IPleaders. Disponível em: https://blog.ipleaders.in/right-to-freedom-of-religion-articles-25-28/. [Acesso em: 30 novembro 2021].
Ramana, S. (2008). ‘Where phalcons dare: India-Israel defence relations.’ IPCS Issue Brief, 12(68), pp. 1-4.
Ratanlal, R., e Dhirajlal, K. T. (2020). The Indian Penal Code. 36a ed. Gurgaon: LexisNexis.
Ray, A. S. (2006). ‘Rumo à globalização: aspirações e a apreensões econômicas da Índia no novo milênio.’ In Villares, F. (ed.), Índia, Brasil e África do Sul: perspectivas e alianças. São Paulo: Editora Unesp e IEEI, pp. 61-144.
Ribeiro, E. H. (2019). A grande estratégia da Índia: ascensão de uma nova grande potência no século XXI? Tese de Doutorado. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.
Rothermund, D. (1970). The phases of Indian nationalism and other essays. Bombay: Nachiketa Publications.
Saleem, R. M. A. (2021). ‘Hinduism, Hindutva and Hindu populism in India: an analysis of party manifestos of Indian rightwing parties.’ Religions, 12(803), pp. 1-25.
Santana, C. H. V. (2012). Trajetórias de reformas e mudanças institucionais na semiperiferia: abertura financeira e capacidades estatais no Brasil e Índia. Tese de Doutorado. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro.
Santos, F. L. B. (2021). ‘Modi’s hindu nationalism: neoliberalism and authoritarianism in India’. Revista Katálysis, 24(1), 53.
Savarkar, V. D. (1969) Hindutva: who is a Hindu? 5a ed. Bombay: Veer Savarkar Prakashan.
Schmall, E. (2021). ‘How India’s Farmers, Organized and Well-Funded, Faced Down Modi.’ The New York Times, 20 novembro. Disponível em: https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/20/world/asia/india-modi-farmer-protests.html [Acesso em: 29 de novembro 2021].
Singh, P. (2019). ‘Demonetisation 2016 and its impact on Indian economy and taxation.’ Institute for Social and Economic Change. Disponível em: http://www.isec.ac.in/WP%20450%20-%20Pratap%20Singh_2%20-%20Final.pdf. [Acesso em 2 setembro 2021].
Sitapati, V. (2020) Jugalbandi: the BJP before Modi. New Delhi: Penguin.
Smith, A.D. (1995) Nations and nationalism in a global era polity. Cambridge, Reino Unido: Polity Press.
Thachil, T. (2014). Elite parties, poor voters: how social services win votes in India. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Therborn, G. (2021). ‘States, nations, and civilizations.’ Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 14(2), pp. 225-242.
Tiwari, S, e Kumar, A. (2020). Legislative brief: agriculture ordinances, 2020. Disponível em: https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2020/Legislative%20Brief%20-%20Agriculture%20Ordinances,%202020_2.pdf [Acesso em: 30 abril 2021].
Vaishnav, M. (ed.). (2019). The BJP in power: Indian democracy and religious nationalism. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Vanaik, A. (2018). ‘India’s Two Hegemonies.’ New Left Review, 58(112), pp. 29-59.
Vanaik, A. (2021). ‘Farmers Are Leading India’s Biggest Social Movement in a Generation’. Jacobin Magazine, 17 abril. Acesso em: 30 abril 2021. Disponível em: https://jacobinmag.com/2021/04/indian-farmers-strike-modi-bjp-social-movements-historical-struggles.
Vashney, A., Ayyangar, S., e Swaminathan, S. (2021). ‘Populism and Hindu nationalism in India.’ Studies in Comparative International Development, 56, pp. 197–222.
Visweswaran, K. et al. (2009). ‘The Hindutva View of History: Rewriting Textbooks in India and the United States.’ Georgetown Journal of International Affairs, 10(1), pp. 101-112.
Voeten, E., Strezhnev, A., Bailey, M. (2009). ‘United Nations General Assembly Voting Data.’ Harvard Dataverse. Disponível em: https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/LEJUQZ. [Acesso em 9 setembro 2021].
Wojczewski, T. (2020). ‘Populism, Hindu nationalism, and foreign policy in India: the politics of representing “the people”.’ International Studies Review, 22(3), pp. 396-422.
Downloads
Publicado
Como Citar
Edição
Seção
Licença
Os Direitos Autorais dos artigos publicados na Revista Mural Internacional pertencem ao(s) seu(s) respectivo(s) autor(es), com os direitos de primeira publicação cedidos à Revista Mural Internacional, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob uma Licença Creative Commons Atribuição, a qual permite o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista. Em virtude de aparecerem na Mural Internacional, o material criado por você pode ser distribuído, copiado e exibido por terceiros. O trabalho original deve ser citado e apresentar um link para o artigo disponível no site da revista em que foi publicado, de acordo com os termos da Licença Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0 Internacional adotado por esta Revista.
Este obra está licenciado com uma Licença Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0 Internacional.
