A Construção da paz no Afeganistão: os limites de uma paz híbrida | Peacebuilding in Afghanistan: the limits of a hybrid peace

Autores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.12957/rmi.2020.49638

Palavras-chave:

Construção da paz, Paz híbrida, Afeganistão

Resumo

O presente artigo traz uma análise crítica do processo de construção da paz no Afeganistão. Seu objetivo é demonstrar como as relações entre elite local e agentes internacionais são desenvolvidas perante o processo de construção da paz. Para isso, emprega-se o conceito da paz híbrida para analisar as esferas políticas e securitárias da construção de paz. Nesse sentido, o argumento do artigo é de que o local como compreendido pelos atores internacionais não é capaz de representar os interesses e necessidades da sociedade civil perante a construção da paz. De modo a desenvolver o seu argumento, o artigo está estruturado em duas seções.  A primeira seção aborda a perspectiva teórica da paz híbrida, apresentando sua conceitualização. A segunda seção analisa a construção de paz no Afeganistão, utilizando o conceito da paz híbrida como uma lente analítica. A perspectiva da paz híbrida presente nesse trabalho contribui com o debate de que o processo de paz deve ser analisado de forma multidimensional, demonstrando a interação entre atores locais e internacionais.

Palavras-chave: Construção da paz; Paz híbrida; Afeganistão.

 

ABSTRACT

This paper presents a critical analysis about the peacebuilding process in Afghanistan. Its goal is to demonstrate how the relations between local elites and international actors develop during the peacebuilding process. The paper uses the concept of hybrid peace in order to analyze the political and security spheres of peacebuilding. The argument of this paper is that the local, as comprehended by the international actors, is not capable of representing the interests and needs of civil society as a whole. The paper is structured in two sections. The first section presents the concept of hybrid peace and its use by the literature. The second section analyses the peacebuilding in Afghanistan, using the hybrid peace as a lens of analysis. The concept of hybrid peace, as used in this paper, contributes with the debate which claims that the peacebuilding processes should be analyzed in a multidimensional way, demonstrating the interaction among local and international actors.      

Keywords: Peacebuilding; Hybrid peace; Afghanistan.

Recebido em 23 mar. 2020 | Aceito em 09 dez. 2020.

Referências

Afeganistão. (2006) Pacto do Afeganistão. The London Conference on Afghanistan. Disponível em: < https://www.nato.int/isaf/docu/epub/pdf/afghanistan_compact.pdf> [Acesso em: 9 março 2020]

Afridi, I. S. (2019) Creating and recreating security: exploring the hybrid security sector reform in Afghanistan, and its creation of local forces. Dissertação de Mestrado. Norwegian University of Life Sciences.

Aman, S. (2013) State Failure and State Building in Post Conflict Societies: A Case Study of Afghanistan. PhD Thesis. University of Peshawar.

Bhabha, H. (1985) ‘Signs Taken for Wonders’, In: Ashcroft, B., Griffiths, G. & Tiffin, H. eds, The Post-colonial Studies Reader. London: Routledge.

Bhabha, H. (1996) ‘Culture’s in-between’. Questions of cultural identity, 1, pp. 53-60.

Bhabha, H. (1998) O Local da Cultura. Editora UFMG: Belo Horizonte.

Bizhan, N. (2018). Building legitimacy and state capacity in protracted fragility: The case of Afghanistan. Available at SSRN 3166985.

Bøås, M., & Jennings, K. M. (2007). ‘‘Failed states’ and ‘state failure’: Threats or opportunities?’. Globalizations, 4(4), pp. 475-485.

Boege, V., Brown, A., Clements, K., & Nolan, A. (2008). On hybrid political orders and emerging states: state formation in the context of ‘fragility’. Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Managemen. Disponível em: <http://edoc.vifapol.de/opus/volltexte/2011/2595/> [Acesso em: 14 dez 2020]

Bose, S., & Motwani, N. (2014). ‘The Limits of ‘Hybrid Governance’in Afghanistan’. Strategic Analysis, 38(4), pp. 416-426.

Call, C. T. (2008). The fallacy of the ‘Failed State’. Third World Quarterly, 29(8), pp. 1491-1507.

Cassani, A. (2014). ‘Hybrid what? Partial consensus and persistent divergences in the analysis of hybrid regimes’. International Political Science Review, 35(5), pp. 542-558.

Chesterman, S. (2002). ‘Walking softly in Afghanistan: the future of UN state-building’. Survival, 44(3), pp. 37-45.

Cohen, M. J., & Gingerich, T. R. (2009). ‘Protect and Serve or Train and Equip’. US Security Assistance and Protection of Civilians. Boston, MA: Oxfam America.

Dar, S. (2014). ‘Hybrid accountabilities: When western and non-western accountabilities collide’. Human Relations, 67(2), pp. 131-151.

Dodge, T. (2013). ‘Intervention and dreams of exogenous statebuilding: the application of Liberal Peacebuilding in Afghanistan and Iraq’. Review of International Studies, pp. 1189-1212.

Frenkel, M., & Shenhav, Y. (2006). ‘From binarism back to hybridity: A postcolonial reading of management and organization studies’. Organization Studies, 27(6), pp. 855-876.

GAO-05-742 (2005). Afghan Reconstruction. Report to Congressional Comitte. Disponível em: <https://www.gao.gov/assets/250/247264.pdf> [Acesso em: 16 março 2020]

Gomes, A. (2013) ‘Da paz liberal à virada local: avaliando a literatura crítica sobre peacebuilding’. Monções: Revista de Relações Internacionais da UFGD, 2(4), pp. 46-76.

Gomes, A. (2018). ‘Hybrid democracy: electoral rules and political competition in Afghanistan’. Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, 61(1).

Jarstad, A. K., & Olsson, L. (2012). ‘Hybrid peace ownership in Afghanistan: international perspectives of who owns what and when’. Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations, 18(1), pp. 105-119.

Karlborg, L. (2013). ‘International quest for local legitimacy in Afghanistan: A tower of Babel?’. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 24(2), pp. 349-369.

Kern, D. (2004). ‘O conceito de hibridismo ontem e hoje: ruptura e contato’. MÉTIS: história & cultura, 3(6).

Kerry, J. F. (2011). Evaluating US Foreign Assistance to Afghanistan. A majority staff report prepared for the use of the committee on foreign relations, US senate (9781437987133). Washington, DC: Committee on Foreign Relations, US Senate.

Leonardsson, H., & Rudd, G. (2015). ‘The ‘local turn’in peacebuilding: a literature review of effective and emancipatory local peacebuilding’. Third world quarterly, 36(5), pp. 825-839.

Lijphart, A. (1999). Patterns of democracy: Government forms and performance in thirty-six countries. Yale University Press.

Lister, S. (2007). Understanding state-building and local government in Afghanistan. Crisis States Research Center, 1, pp. 1-23.

Loyn, D. (2019). ‘Politics without parties: Afghanistan’s long road to democracy’. Asian Affairs, 50(1), pp. 40-59.

Mac Ginty, R. (2010). ‘Hybrid peace: The interaction between top-down and bottom-up peace’. Security dialogue, 41(4), 391-412.

Mac Ginty, R., & Richmond, O. (2016). ‘The fallacy of constructing hybrid political orders: a reappraisal of the hybrid turn in peacebuilding’. International Peacekeeping, 23(2), 219-239.

Mac Ginty, R. (2011). International peacebuilding and local resistance: Hybrid forms of peace. New York: Springer.

Maley, W. (2018). Transition in Afghanistan: Hope, Despair and the Limits of Statebuilding. London: Routledge.

Maschietto, R. H. (2016). ‘Consolidação internacional da paz versus percepções locais sobre a paz: encontros e desencontros’. Conjuntura Global, 5(3), pp. 512-536.

Mukhopadhyay, D. (2009). Warlords as bureaucrats: The Afghan experience. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

Münch, P., & Veit, A. (2018). ‘Intermediaries of intervention: How local power brokers shape external peace-and state-building in Afghanistan and Congo’. International Peacekeeping, 25(2), 266-292.

Murray, T. (2011). ‘Security Sector Reform in Afghanistan, 2002–2011: An Overview of a Flawed Process’. International Studies, 48(1), 43-63.

OTAN. (2015) ISAF's mission in Afghanistan (2001-2014) (Archived). Disponível em: < https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_69366.htm >. [Acesso em: 25 junho 2018]

Peterson, J. H. (2012). ‘A conceptual unpacking of hybridity: Accounting for notions of power, politics and progress in analyses of aid-driven interfaces’. Journal of Peacebuilding & Development, 7(2), pp. 9-22.

Schmeidl, S., & Miszak, N. (2017). ‘The Afghan Local Police: unpacking a hybrid security arrangement’. Third World Thematics: A TWQ Journal, 2(4), pp. 538-556.

Schmitt E. (2009) ‘Obama Issues Order for More Troops in Afghanistan’, The New York Times, 30 de novembro. Disponível em: <https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/01/world/asia/01orders.html> [Acesso em: 14 dezembro 2020]

Sharan, T. (2011). ‘The Dynamics of Elite Networks and Patron–Client Relations in Afghanistan’. Europe-Asia Studies, 63(6), pp. 1109-1127.

Suhrke, A., Harpviken, K. B., & Strand, A. (2004). Conflictual peacebuilding: Afghanistan two years after Bonn. Chr. Michelsen Institute.

Suhrke, A. (2009). The dangers of a tight embrace: externally assisted statebuilding in Afghanistan. In The Dilemmas of Statebuilding (pp. 241-265). London: Routledge.

Toledo, A., & Facchini, J. (2017). ‘Da transformação de conflitos à paz híbrida: uma análise das ideias de John Paul Lederach e Roger Mac Ginty’. Revista Brasileira de Estudos de Defesa, 4(2).

UN. (2001a) S/2001/1154. Agreement on Provisional Arrangements in Afghanistan Pending the Re- Establishment of Permanent Government Institutions (Bonn Agreement), 2001. Disponível em: <https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/un-documents/document/afgh-s2001-1154.php> [Acesso em: 3 julho 2019].

UN. (2001b) A/56/681–S/2001/1157. The situation in Afghanistan and its implications for international peace and security: report of the Secretary-General. Disponível em: <https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/454026?ln=es> [Acesso em em: 01 setembro 2019]

UN. (2001c) A/55/1028 The situation in Afghanistan and its implications for international peace and security: report of the Secretary-General. Disponível em: < https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/447199?ln=zh_CN> [Acesso em: 14 dezembro 2020]

UN. (2002) S/RES/1453. The situation in Afghanistan. Disponível em: <http://unscr.com/en/resolutions/1453> [Acesso em: 16 março 2020]

UN. (2003) S/RES/1510. Security Council Resolution. Disponível em: <https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/un-documents/document/afgh-sres1510.php> [Acesso em: 5 julho 2019]

Van der Lijn, J. (2016). Frictions in illusionstan: engagement between the ‘global’and the ‘local’in Afghanistan’s imagi-nation-building JAïR VAN DER LIJN. In Peacebuilding and Friction (pp. 169-185). London: Routledge.

Wardak, A., & Hamidzada, H. (2012). ‘The search for legitimate rule, justice and a durable peace: Hybrid models of governance in Afghanistan’. Journal of Peacebuilding & Development, 7(2), pp. 79-88.

Downloads

Publicado

15-12-2020

Como Citar

Biezus, D., & Blanco, R. (2020). A Construção da paz no Afeganistão: os limites de uma paz híbrida | Peacebuilding in Afghanistan: the limits of a hybrid peace. Mural Internacional, 11, e49638. https://doi.org/10.12957/rmi.2020.49638

Edição

Seção

ARTIGOS | ARTICLES