ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Health personnel's perceptions of factors influencing hemodialysis treatment adherence

Rafaela Novaes Ferraz^I; Camilla de Godoy Maciel^II; Anna Karla de Oliveira Tito Borba^III; Iracema da Silva Frazão^IV; Vanessa Vieira França^V

^I Nurse. Specialist in Nephrology by the Health Department of the State of Pernambuco. Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. E-mail: rafaelanf@hotmail.com
^II Nurse. Specialist in Nephrology by the Health Department of the State of Pernambuco. Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. E-mail: camilladegodoymaciel@ig.com.br
^III Nurse. Master in nursing. Assistant Professor, Department of Nursing, Federal University of Pernambuco. Recife, Brazil. E-mail: anninhatito@gmail.com
^IV Nurse. PhD in Social Work. Adjunct Professor, Department of Nursing, Federal University of Pernambuco. Recife, Brazil. E-mail: isfrazao@gmail.com
^V Nurse. Master student in Nursing by the Graduate Program in Nursing, Federal University of Pernambuco. Recife, Brazil. E-mail: vanessafranca__@hotmail.com

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/reuerj.2017.15504

ABSTRACT

Objective: to investigate health personnel's perceptions of factors influencing hemodialysis treatment adherence. Method: in this qualitative, descriptive study of 41 personnel in a hemodialysis service in northeastern Brazil, data were collected in 2014 by semi-structured interview and analyzed using Alceste software. The study was approved by the ethics committee (CAEE: 28265814.5.0000.5197). Results: 173 units of elementary contexts we classified and divided into four discursive classes: the patient-personnel bond as support in initial treatment difficulties; the renal patient's knowledge about the disease and its treatment as a strategy for adherence; depersonalization of the subject, allied to knowledge deficit and fear at catheter implantation; and patient, family and health personnel as an alliance in promoting self-care. Conclusion: communication, guidance, "embracement" and family are key to adherence to therapy.

Keywords: Renal Insufficiency; chronic; renal dialysis; health personnel; patient compliance.

INTRODUCTION

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a disease of multiple etiologies, characterized by injury and reduction of renal function for a period equal to or greater than three months. Due to its high prevalence, it is a public health problem, being more frequent among adults. It has occureed with an alarming incidence in contemporary society, with high morbidity and mortality rates. Chronic kidney disease has repercussions on daily life and socioeconomic life of the patient, as it entails frequent hospitalizations and increases hospital costs^1,2.

It is a progressive and irreversible clinical syndrome that occurs when there is impairment of kidney function, which may lead the patient to a complex therapeutic regimen, consisting of dietary and liquid restriction and medication administration, in addition to Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT), which includes hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD), with hemodialysis being the most commonly used method. The hemodialysis treatment aims to replace the filter function of the kidneys, to remove nitrogenous excreta from the blood and the excess of liquids through a semipermeable membrane. The sessions last between two to four hours, performed about three to four times a week, and adherence to these variables directly reflect the quality of life of the patient^1,3 .

To adhere is to follow the prescriptions and recommendations corresponding to the guidelines of the health professionals, being of paramount importance to reduce to the complications of the CKD⁴. Adherence to therapy, among other factors, depends on the efficient performance of the professional who has the responsibility to guide and solve the patients' doubts, and to clearly and objectively explain the recommended prescriptions in order to cope with the disease. This professional-patient bond has a positive effect on adherence^3,5.

Following treatment regularly is not na easy behavior and there are a number of factors contributing to non-adherence, such as financial problems, the large number of drugs prescribed, adverse effects, the treatment regimen, the conditions of accessibility to the health service and the inadequacy of the professional-patient relationship⁶.

Patients with terminal CKD on hemodialysis often experience loss of autonomy due to dependence on the treatment for life support. Faced with this problem, the multidisciplinary team has the role of providing humanized assistance to patients and their families, focusing on active listening and psychological support aimed at identifying difficulties with treatment, as well as at explaining the importance of following the recommendations provided⁷. Thus, it is essential that the multidisciplinary team works in an integrated manner, since professionals have a shared responsibility towards the chronic renal patient³.

Faced with this problem, the present study aimed to investigate the perception of health professionals about the factors that interfere in adherence to hemodialysis treatment.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Adherence to hemodialytic treatment requires that the individual accepts the CKD and then understands the importance of maintaining the therapeutic regimen for health, quality of life and survival⁸. Several factors, such as age, low education, income, marital status, smoking, duration of the hemodialysis (HD) session, comorbidities, absence of caregivers and relatives, time of the restricted-diet-based regimen, reduced water intake and use of several medications, in addition to the confusion of the guidelines, lead to the refusal of the patient to carry out the therapy in the long term⁹.

Other barriers to adherence include discomfort of arteriovenous fistula puncture, limitation of leisure time, lack of transport, suffering of losses, alteration of image and of organ function, and consequently periods of anguish, anxiety and depression⁵.

In addition, the evolving chronic disease is accompanied by various feelings and involves several factors which, often, the individual is not able to face, initially. At the beginning of the hemodialysis treatment, the renal individuals experience a rupture of their life habits when adapting to a new reality that sometimes prevents them from carrying out previously achieved activities, besides the difficulties associated with the communication process and the lack of knowledge of specific aspects of treatment. However, the relationship with the family, with other service users, and with health team members is an important point in their recovery and adaptation amid the adversities imposed by the disease and the treatment¹⁰.

Commonly, psychological and social difficulties arising from renal failure and treatment decrease when service providers stimulate individuals to be independent. This action requires a lot of sensitivity and empathy from the team to recognize the real needs of the clients and to promote acceptance throughout the hemodialysis treatment⁵.

The dietary and behavioral limitations imposed by the disease and the multiplicity of the therapeutic measures associated to the lack of knowledge of patients and their relatives contribute to poor adherence to the treatment. Thus, it is the responsibility of the multidisciplinary team to guide the patient and his/her relatives about the disease and the treatment using a language that is clear and adequate to the understanding and educational level of those involved¹¹.

In this scenario, the health professional is a key player in promoting adherence to therapy, since each patient requires an individualized evaluation. Patient-professional dialogue is considered the best approach to assess adherence and to provide care. However, strategies such as hosting and group formation are still a gap in the assistance environments ¹².

These actions could be implemented in order to encourage adherence in face of the difficulties encountered in daily care, since the groups allow the identification and solving of doubts and fears from the design of strategies to support the problems in the therapeutic scope⁹ starting from the reality and the difficulties found in the assistance to these patients, reflected on the professional practice in the sector in order to facilitate the care and guarantee the appropriate assistance to the user¹².

METHODOLOGY

This is a descriptive research with a qualitative approach. Participants were 41 workers from the hemodialysis service, located in the city of Recife, which is areference in nephrology in the state of Pernambuco. Sampling was of intentional, in which all health workers in the hemodialysis sector of the referred service were included, excluding non-permanent staff members and those removed from the service for personal or professional reasons.

The data collection took place from May to July 2014, in a place reserved at the institution itself, with the guarantee of confidentiality and the privacy of the information given. Participation was conditioned to acceptance of the terms of the research and to signing of the Informed Consent Form (ICF). The interviews were recorded using a digital recorder and a semi-structured script was used, composed of objective questions to delineate the socioeconomic profile of the worker, addressing the variables age, sex, professional category, length of work in the service, specializations studied, number of employment ties and workload, in addition to three guiding questions: in your opinion, which factors interfere, positively and negatively, in the patient's adherence to hemodialysis? What do you do to facilitate patient adherence to hemodialysis? How does the lack of adherence to this therapy interfere with your professional performance?

The interviews were transcribed in a text editor and read in full for initial comprehension of the content. Subsequently, the interviews were formatted according to the requirements of the Analyse Lexicale par Contexte d'um Ensemble de Segments de Texte (ALCESTE), version 2010.

The next step in the formatting of the text was the identification of the corpus (formatted text) until its processing that culminated in the division of the elementary context units (ECU), which composed a reduced dictionary. After separation in thematic blocks, they went through continuous divisions until they did not result in new classes.

The ready classes are composed of radical forms of the words of the text, associated with their respective incidence and frequency values (Q²) in addition to the semantic context of each class¹³. Thus, ALCESTE performed the statistical analysis of the data and allowed extracting structures with representative meanings through the relationship with the léxicon, and the researcher was able to make available the real meaning of the information in the context and to name the classes presented in the analysis. Grouped according to the content revealed by the four classes, they were entitled: Professional-patient bond as support in the initial difficulties of the treatment; Knowledge of the renal patient about the disease and its treatment as a strategy for adherence; Depersonification of the subject associated with the deficit of knowledge and fear in the implantation of the catheter; Patient, family and professionals as an alliance in the promotion of self-care. In addition, each subject was assigned a pseudonym (P01, P02, P03) as a way to protect the identity of the professional when they are cited in speech extracts.

The present study respects the basic references of bioethics: autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence and justice, being in line with resolution 466/12 and approved by the Ethics Committee of the institution, under the number of the Certificate of Presentation for Ethical Appreciation (CAAE): 28265814.5.0000.5197 and protocol no. 634,593 of May 5, 2014.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Characterization of the sample

Of the total number of professionals in the study (n = 41) at the time of collection, 29 (71%) were female, 17 (41%) were in the age group 40-49, 20 (49%) had been working in the service for eleven years or more and 25 (61%) had a specialization in nephrology or in the hospital area. These data corroborate with another study, where the predominance of the female gender also occurred, the mean age was close to 40 years old and the mean working time in the hemodialytic unit was 10 years¹⁴.

Professional training is still a gap between the interviewees, since 16 (39%) do not have any specialization in the area. As for the quantity of employment relationships, 17 (41%) work in two institutions and 15 (37%) have three or more jobs. Regarding the weekly workload, 36 (88%) work 30 hours and 5 (12%) work 24 hours (Table 1).

TABLE 1: Profile of health professionals working in a public hemodialysis service. Recife, Brazil, 2014.

The analysis of the Alceste report identified 173 ECUs that made possible the formation of four classes, in which class 1 with the highest amount of ECU, as shown in Figure 1.

FIGURE 1: Division of ECUs per speech classes of health professionals working in a public hemodialysis service. Recife, Pernambuco,Brasil, 2014.

The classes presented in Figure 1 show the reduced forms and their frequencies (Q²). These nuclei, read within the context of the lines and grouped according to the content they reveal, allowed the construction of four thematic axes, listed and distributed below.

Professional-patient bond as support in the initial difficulties of the treatment

In the view of professionals, patients, at the beginning of hemodialysis, undergo obstacles imposed by CKD, such as the need to change habits, continuous use of various medications, coexistence with other people, routine and dependence on the hemodialysis machine. There is also the fear of the new, anxiety and uncertainty about the disease¹⁵.

Adhering is related to this process of discovery and acceptance of treatment; it is at this point that the multidisciplinary team with a good relationship with the patient are pointed as support for adherence¹⁶. This can be explained through testimonials:

Multiprofessional presence and support comfort the patient and is a coping strategy, being a stimulating factor in adherence to treatment in the view of the service workers¹⁷. Therefore, welcoming the patient is essential at all times, especially in the first hemodialysis sessions.

Knowledge of the renal patient about the disease and its treatment as a strategy for adherence

The hemodialysis procedure demands increasing attention from the health professional throughout the session. Nursing works focused on patient care, an activity that has a high level of requirement, as well as technical ability of the dialysis procedure and specific knowledge regarding the functioning of the machine and immediate action in case of intercurrences and problem-solving¹⁸.

This specific knowledge should be used in the monitoring and especially in the guidelines to the patient and the family about the whole treatment process. However, the lack of knowledge and guidance to these patients is pointed out as one of the main points of non-adherence of the chronic renal disease in the service, according to the testimony of some professionals:

To do so, it is necessary to implement and structure an educational process, in addition to attention to approach in order to avoid misunderstandings and using strategies to obtain the expected behavior and adequacy of the information to the comprehension capacity of the subject.

In this way, it is the responsibility of each team member of the team to develop their specific duties, to better manage their professional interventions through dialogue and health education, to plan educational actions with a focus on particularity and to stimulate the autonomy of each individual assisted in the search for ideal health conditions¹⁹.

Depersonification of the subject associated with the deficit of knowledge and fear in the implantation of the catheter

Communication has a crucial role in the adaptive process and in the adequacy of the patient throughout the therapeutic development. Sensitivity to subjective perceptions in the professional approach in the first contact with patients is an important aspect to be considered. It is the responsibility of all team members, but this responsibility constantly relies on the doctor or nurse¹⁰ as shown in the testimonials:

The catheter implant is a shock to the patient by the fear of the procedure itself or for understanding the functional incapacity of their body or the rupture of the self-image. Altering the self-image, and the care associated with the use of the catheter create an unfavorable feeling for the patient, which leads to fear, feeling of anguish and consequent isolation¹⁶.

The interviews showed that the team is not ready to deal with the moment of catheter implantation and, therefore, there is a need to elaborate, structure and standardize an approach to this procedure, and to organize and delegate to each employee his/her responsibility in the welcome in order to help the patient to reduce the anguish, aiming to make them understand and deal with the renal problem²⁰.

To guarantee the quality of care we need to welcome the user in matters not directly related to therapy. Comprehensiveness should be part of health care so that the professional knows the users' needs. It is necessary to understand the patient in his longings, complaints, doubts and develop skills for a humanistic atitude. Listening is the basis of good care and the professional should not be restricted to performing procedures but to welcoming, listening and respecting each subject^21,22. Another indispensable aspect is the internal environment and the working conditions in which these professionals carry out their activities, which must be healthy to favor the work process and make it as ideal as possible.

Patient, family and professionals as an alliance in the promotion of self-care

The hemodialysis treatment involves the whole social and family contexto in which the individual is inserted. It also includes the contexto of the dialysis clinic where the professional team always works with the same patients who attend the service, usually every other day, for several years. An affective bond is created, which makes it possible to know the life stories, but it is capable of generating ambiguity of feelings, on the one hand recognition and affection, and on the other, the wear and tear resulting from the coexistence in situations of physical and emotional frailty²³. This fact can be evidenced in the following excerpt in which the professional talks about the feelings generated about the non-adherence to the treatment:

In the perception of health professionals, the active family, interested in the treatment, is another factor emphasized in speeches as relevant to adherence:

However, The CKD imposes a substantial change in the family dynamics. It requires a decision-making and strategies to provide shelter to the patient both emotionally and financially to accompany them in their therapeutic itinerary. This partnership strengthens the connection between family/patient and health service/professionals, serving as a stimulus for therapeutic adherence²⁰. It is possible to observe that the professional recognizes himself/herself and the family as self-care agents, according to testimony:

It is appropriate to consider that the bond with family members and professionals contributes as tools for the user to develop self-care and to make them aware of their role as a promoter of therapeutic success^24,25. It is necessary to bring professionals, patients and family members closer together, to stimulate the formation of groups and to value collective, playful and multiprofessional actions to favor the creation of bonds in the elaboration of possible and satisfactory therapies²⁶.

CONCLUSION

The chronic renal patient on hemodialysis encounters several obstacles to adherence. Investigating the factors that interfere in the adherence to this treatment, with a focus on the professional performance enabled verifying that communication, guidance, family and reception are key points to therapeutics.

The internal environment of the institution is another indispensable aspect for care. It must be healthy and working conditions should be the best possible for professionals to carry out their activities.

It is hoped that this study may subsidize professionals working in hemodialysis services to create norms and routines in the multidisciplinary approach to improve the quality of work and life of all staff.

As limitations of this study, the qualitative approach has low power of generalization of the findings, considering the sociodemographic particularities. However, studies about perceptions and in the care environment are important for the elaboration of interventions with the individuals involved and the understanding of realities similar to those described. It is also recommended to carry out further studies in this area with the cut of the professional categories in order to organize the care model according to the area of performance and the results can be used in the specific training of the professional.

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